一、日本国铁的解体战后以来,西欧和日本在许多重要领域都借助国有企业来帮助本国经济的恢复和发展,这些国有企业都起过十分重要的作用。随着民间企业和民间资本的迅猛发展,民间企业的活力得到充分的体现,反之,国有企业日现弊端,成为国家财政的沉重负担。为此,70年代末以来,以英国为代表的西方国家,掀起了国有企业私营化的运动。日本的国有企业以三大公社(国铁、电电、专卖)为代表,三公社中,国铁存在的问题最严重、最复杂、最典型,解决也最困难。简要地说,国铁的基本问题就是经营不善、巨额赤字和负债,以至于资不抵债。民间企 First, after the disintegration of Japan’s national railways, Western Europe and Japan have used state-owned enterprises to help the recovery and development of their economies in many important areas. These state-owned enterprises have played a very important role. With the rapid development of private enterprises and private capital, the vitality of private enterprises has been fully reflected. On the contrary, the daily malpractice of state-owned enterprises has become a heavy burden on state finance. For this reason, since the late 1970s, Western countries represented by the United Kingdom have set off a campaign to privatize state-owned enterprises. Japan’s state-owned enterprises are represented by three major communes (national railways, electric power, and monopoly). Among the three communes, the state railways have the most serious, complex, and typical problems, and the most difficult problems are resolved. In short, the basic issues of the National Rail are poor management, huge deficits and liabilities, and even the insolvency of funds. Private enterprises