马克思恩格斯在考察现代社会与历史发展的过程中,通过跨学科的理论综合创立了新唯物主义的社会历史理论。它既是一种资本主义的批判理论,又是一种革命的方案与社会主义的模式。这为后来不同版本的马克思主义产生和西方马克思主义传统的开启奠定了基础。其中,西方马克思主义经历了从意识形态批判到文化批判,再到社会批判理论的历史发展过程,清晰地呈现出其批判理论的学术传统。本文以卢卡奇、布洛赫、葛兰西和法兰克福学派霍克海默尔等人的主要思想为代表阐述了早期西方马克思主义的这一历史传统及其演变过程。 In the process of examining the development of modern society and history, Marx and Engels comprehensively established the neo-materialist social history theory through interdisciplinary theories. It is both a critical theory of capitalism and a revolutionary program and socialist model. This laid the foundation for the later versions of Marxism and the opening of the Western Marxist tradition. Among them, Western Marxism has undergone a historical development process from ideological criticism to cultural criticism to social critical theory, clearly showing its academic tradition of critical theory. This article expounds the historical tradition of early Western Marxism and its evolution through the main ideas of Lukacs, Bloch, Gramsci and the Frankfurt School of Horkheimer and others.