论文部分内容阅读
THE dawn of a new millennium augurs both hopes and challenges. Since the start of the 21st century, most particularly since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) 10 years ago, China has covered an uneven path of development. Devastating natural disasters, along with grim challenges of the international financial crisis, prompted and led to the CPC’s formulation of effective international and domestic policies. Having surmounted difficulties and advanced under the CPC leadership, the country has maintained a steady momentum of rapid development towards its objective of becoming an all-round moderately prosperous society.
Theoretical innovations have brought fruitful results. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, the Central Committee headed by General Secretary Hu Jintao has launched various strategic campaigns. They include the Scientific Outlook on Development and theories on building a socialist harmonious society, a socialist new countryside and a socialist core value system, as well as the socialist concept of honor and disgrace, and the main strategy of transforming the mode of economic development while adhering to Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of the “Three Represents.” The central leadership has also raised the scientific proposition of a system of socialist theory with Chinese characteristics by means of a summary of the Party’s new theoretical results. This includes the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the socialist road to development with Chinese characteristics – new theories that underline the Party’s abundant theoretical innovations.
Over the past decade, China’s national economy has achieved sustained development and a dramatic growth in comprehensive national strength. From 2003 to 2011, China achieved an average annual GDP growth of 10.7 percent in real terms. Rapid and sustained development has taken China’s economy to a world number two ranking, second only to the U.S., its GDP having outstripped that of Britain and France in 2005, of Germany in 2008 and of Japan in 2010. China’s leapfrog economic development amounts to a miracle amid world economic turbulence. While the global financial crisis slowed down the world’s major economies, that of China maintained a reasonably high growth rate. As first to recover from the financial disaster, China became the main engine driving world economic recovery. The proportion of China’s GDP in the world total grew from 4.4 percent in 2002 to around 10 percent in 2011, and China’s contribution to world economic growth exceeded 20 percent. Per capita GDP reached RMB 35,083 in 2011, and government revenue that year was in excess of RMB 10 trillion. At the end of 2011, China’s foreign exchange reserves exceeded US $3 trillion – the world’s largest. As gaps between China and the developed countries in various aspects have narrowed, China’s central leadership has gradually achieved its ambitious goals. Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, China has made significant progress in transforming its mode of economic development since the 16th CPC National Congress. There have been new achievements in implementing the policy of expanding domestic demand. The contribution of domestic demand to China’s economic growth increased from 92.4 percent in 2002 to 104.1 percent in 2011, while that of exports fell from 7.6 percent in 2002 to -4.1 percent in 2011. Proactive adjustment of economic structure has shifted the driving force of China’s economic growth from that of secondary industry to the coordinated contribution of all three industries. With regards to the industrial structure, at the end of 2011 the proportion of primary industry added value in national GDP had fallen from the 2002 level of 13.7 percent to 10.1 percent, while that of secondary industry increased from 44.8 percent in 2002 to 46.8 percent in 2011, and that of tertiary industry from 41.5 percent to 43.1 percent. Rural and urban development and that in different regions has become more coordinated, and technical innovation is playing an ever-greater role in fueling the economy.
The creativity, initiative and enthusiasm that socialist undertakings have inspired in the Chinese people have come into full play in tandem with the expansion of China’s socialist democracy. Rule of law in China has improved as the Party and the state’s political life have become more vigorous and transparent. The systems of people’s congresses and political consultation have also improved through deepened democracy at the grass-roots level, wherein the decision-making process is both more democratic and scientific; greater transparency in the political system has also generated the people’s greater participation. Important advances have been achieved in ministerial reforms aimed at constructing more streamlined and comprehensive ministries, and socialist democratic politics have displayed dynamic vitality. The solidarity, stability and harmony of the entire nation are thus enhanced. The system of socialist laws with Chinese characteristics has basically taken shape, bringing the people security, social equity and justice. The law system provides an important guarantee that the Party and the state will advance along the appropriate path.
Comprehensive progress has also been made in China’s cultural reform and development. The goal of constructing a socialist culture was proposed at the sixth plenary session of the 17th CPC Central Committee. Ten years of development have enriched the cultural and spiritual life of the people. Building the system of socialist core values has consolidated the guiding role of Marxism and belief in the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The socialist concept of honor and disgrace guides social ethics, and the building of a public cultural service system has entered a stage of rapid development. At the end of 2011, there were 2,952 public libraries across the country, 255 more than at the end of 2002. There were also 2,650 museums, 1,139 more than at the end of 2002, and 7,069 performing art groups, an increase of 4,482. Cable TV subscribers nationwide increased by 103.52 million, reaching 202.09 million during this time, and TV programs were available to 97.8 percent of the population. China’s various indices on the cultural industry rank top in the world. In 2011, a total of 469 TV drama series were produced, along with 261,444 minutes of animation programs and 558 feature films. In addition, 46.7 billion copies of newspapers, 3.3 billion copies of periodicals and 7.7 billion copies of books were published. A new development pattern of cultural undertakings has taken shape, based on national culture and drawing on fine foreign culture. Chinese culture is also going global. Putting people first is the principle the CPC has always followed. Over the past decade, the Party has attached great importance to social construction and to improving the people’s wellbeing. The “people first” concept is deeply implanted at all levels of government, as apparent in the remarkable improvements in people’s livelihood. The per capita disposable income of urban residents in 2011 increased 1.8-fold over 2002 to reach RMB 21,810, averaging an annual increase of 9.2 percent in real terms. The per capita net income of rural residents that year also rose 1.8-fold over 2002, averaging an annual increase of 8.1 percent in real terms. The Engel’s Coefficient of urban residents in 2011 was 36.3 percent and that of rural residents 40.4 percent – both lower than in 2002. During the past decade, China’s social security system has taken shape, with social insurance as the mainstay. It encompasses social relief, social welfare, special care and placement, a housing security system and social charities. Free compulsory education covers both rural and urban areas. Education opportunities are far more equal, and the average length of national education exceeds nine years. The national medical service system has also held firm in face of such major epidemics as SARS, highly pathogenic avian influenza and Influenza A (H1N1). Reforms to the healthcare service system have made substantial progress, and a national basic medical insurance system has taken shape. China expanded its national medical service institutions to 950,000 in 2011. Sports undertakings have also reaped impressive results. China’s successful hosting of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games greatly enhanced the country’s international standing. From 2003 to 2011, China’s athletes garnered 1,063 world gold medals and set 136 world records.
Over the past decade the CPC Central Committee has proposed the new concept of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. The country’s ecological environment has seen constant improvement owing to efforts to save energy and reduce emissions. Recent monitoring results show that water quality and urban air quality have both significantly improved. In 2011, total energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 12.9 percent from that of 2002, and comprehensive pollutant emissions were curbed.
The last decade also featured China’s successful hosting of grand international events and appropriate handling of various challenges, hence clearly demonstrating the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. The 2010 Shanghai World Expo attracted more than 70 million visitors, setting a new world record. The ingenious designs of various pavilions and well-planned organization aptly highlighted the expo theme of “Better City, Better life.” In coping with the international financial crisis, China also fully demonstrated the advantages of its system of socialist market economy. As the first to achieve economic turnaround, China became an important engine for world economic recovery. In dealing with such devastating natural disasters as the Wenchuan earthquake, the Zhouqu mudslide and the Yushu earthquake, as well as hailstorms and drought, the CPC exerted its power to rally both the army and people. In efforts to safeguard people’s lives and property, the government has, under the CPC leadership, successfully combated interference and sabotage by hostile overseas forces and appropriately dealt with riots in Lhasa of Tibet and Urumqi of Xinjiang according to Chinese laws, and restored local order. Thanks to favorable policies that the central government has introduced, regions inhabited by ethnic minorities are experiencing leapfrog social and economic development. The world has moreover been amazed at China’s major breakthroughs in science and technology, notably the successful launches of manned spacecrafts, the lunar exploration project, and the development and testing of Jiaolong, China’s first manned deepsea submersible. Major projects like the Three Gorges Dam, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the South-to-North water diversion project, have all brought encouraging results. China’s international status and influence have grown remarkably. The country’s enhanced comprehensive strength has prompted the clear intention of growing numbers of countries to strengthen their bilateral ties with China. By advocating peaceful development, China is building new-type relations with big countries, deepening its contacts with neighboring states, and consolidating relations with developing countries. In the international arena, China has championed the authority of the UN and its Security Council, and proactively taken on corresponding international responsibilities. China has also participated in the construction and reforms of multilateral mechanisms. By attending major international events such as the G20 and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summits, China, with its distinct opinions and standpoints on major political and economic issues, plays a uniquely constructive role in international and regional hot issues. In upholding the basic principle of maintaining national sovereignty, security and development, China is contributing to the establishment of a harmonious international new order of more equal opportunities and evenly distributed power.
Party building over the past decade has been strengthened to propel the CPC’s advancement and improve its governance ability. In keeping abreast of the times, the CPC has put into practice the principle of exercising power for the people, showing concern for them and working for their interests while striving to build itself into a Marxist study-type Party. In the past 10 years, the advantages of the CPC with regards to theories, politics, organizations, systems and close ties with the people have come into full play. The CPC has also established and improved its system of punishing and preventing corruption and perfected its restriction and supervision mechanism over exercise of power. The media plays a growingly important role in supervision of the Party, thus enhancing its ability to resist corruption and other risks and maintain its advancement and integrity.
Remarkable progress has been made in Chinese society in the past decade under the CPC leadership. The secret of China’s impressive achievements lies in the Party’s adherence to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important concept of “Three Represents,” and in its theoretical innovations based on practice. The Scientific Outlook on Development – the result of a new theoretical innovation, has provided effective guidance in building a moderately prosperous society and in accelerating socialist modernization. Looking to the future, we face both opportunities and challenges, and thoroughgoing application of the Scientific Outlook on Development remains a long-term and arduous task.
Theoretical innovations have brought fruitful results. Since the 16th CPC National Congress, the Central Committee headed by General Secretary Hu Jintao has launched various strategic campaigns. They include the Scientific Outlook on Development and theories on building a socialist harmonious society, a socialist new countryside and a socialist core value system, as well as the socialist concept of honor and disgrace, and the main strategy of transforming the mode of economic development while adhering to Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of the “Three Represents.” The central leadership has also raised the scientific proposition of a system of socialist theory with Chinese characteristics by means of a summary of the Party’s new theoretical results. This includes the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and the socialist road to development with Chinese characteristics – new theories that underline the Party’s abundant theoretical innovations.
Over the past decade, China’s national economy has achieved sustained development and a dramatic growth in comprehensive national strength. From 2003 to 2011, China achieved an average annual GDP growth of 10.7 percent in real terms. Rapid and sustained development has taken China’s economy to a world number two ranking, second only to the U.S., its GDP having outstripped that of Britain and France in 2005, of Germany in 2008 and of Japan in 2010. China’s leapfrog economic development amounts to a miracle amid world economic turbulence. While the global financial crisis slowed down the world’s major economies, that of China maintained a reasonably high growth rate. As first to recover from the financial disaster, China became the main engine driving world economic recovery. The proportion of China’s GDP in the world total grew from 4.4 percent in 2002 to around 10 percent in 2011, and China’s contribution to world economic growth exceeded 20 percent. Per capita GDP reached RMB 35,083 in 2011, and government revenue that year was in excess of RMB 10 trillion. At the end of 2011, China’s foreign exchange reserves exceeded US $3 trillion – the world’s largest. As gaps between China and the developed countries in various aspects have narrowed, China’s central leadership has gradually achieved its ambitious goals. Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, China has made significant progress in transforming its mode of economic development since the 16th CPC National Congress. There have been new achievements in implementing the policy of expanding domestic demand. The contribution of domestic demand to China’s economic growth increased from 92.4 percent in 2002 to 104.1 percent in 2011, while that of exports fell from 7.6 percent in 2002 to -4.1 percent in 2011. Proactive adjustment of economic structure has shifted the driving force of China’s economic growth from that of secondary industry to the coordinated contribution of all three industries. With regards to the industrial structure, at the end of 2011 the proportion of primary industry added value in national GDP had fallen from the 2002 level of 13.7 percent to 10.1 percent, while that of secondary industry increased from 44.8 percent in 2002 to 46.8 percent in 2011, and that of tertiary industry from 41.5 percent to 43.1 percent. Rural and urban development and that in different regions has become more coordinated, and technical innovation is playing an ever-greater role in fueling the economy.
The creativity, initiative and enthusiasm that socialist undertakings have inspired in the Chinese people have come into full play in tandem with the expansion of China’s socialist democracy. Rule of law in China has improved as the Party and the state’s political life have become more vigorous and transparent. The systems of people’s congresses and political consultation have also improved through deepened democracy at the grass-roots level, wherein the decision-making process is both more democratic and scientific; greater transparency in the political system has also generated the people’s greater participation. Important advances have been achieved in ministerial reforms aimed at constructing more streamlined and comprehensive ministries, and socialist democratic politics have displayed dynamic vitality. The solidarity, stability and harmony of the entire nation are thus enhanced. The system of socialist laws with Chinese characteristics has basically taken shape, bringing the people security, social equity and justice. The law system provides an important guarantee that the Party and the state will advance along the appropriate path.
Comprehensive progress has also been made in China’s cultural reform and development. The goal of constructing a socialist culture was proposed at the sixth plenary session of the 17th CPC Central Committee. Ten years of development have enriched the cultural and spiritual life of the people. Building the system of socialist core values has consolidated the guiding role of Marxism and belief in the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The socialist concept of honor and disgrace guides social ethics, and the building of a public cultural service system has entered a stage of rapid development. At the end of 2011, there were 2,952 public libraries across the country, 255 more than at the end of 2002. There were also 2,650 museums, 1,139 more than at the end of 2002, and 7,069 performing art groups, an increase of 4,482. Cable TV subscribers nationwide increased by 103.52 million, reaching 202.09 million during this time, and TV programs were available to 97.8 percent of the population. China’s various indices on the cultural industry rank top in the world. In 2011, a total of 469 TV drama series were produced, along with 261,444 minutes of animation programs and 558 feature films. In addition, 46.7 billion copies of newspapers, 3.3 billion copies of periodicals and 7.7 billion copies of books were published. A new development pattern of cultural undertakings has taken shape, based on national culture and drawing on fine foreign culture. Chinese culture is also going global. Putting people first is the principle the CPC has always followed. Over the past decade, the Party has attached great importance to social construction and to improving the people’s wellbeing. The “people first” concept is deeply implanted at all levels of government, as apparent in the remarkable improvements in people’s livelihood. The per capita disposable income of urban residents in 2011 increased 1.8-fold over 2002 to reach RMB 21,810, averaging an annual increase of 9.2 percent in real terms. The per capita net income of rural residents that year also rose 1.8-fold over 2002, averaging an annual increase of 8.1 percent in real terms. The Engel’s Coefficient of urban residents in 2011 was 36.3 percent and that of rural residents 40.4 percent – both lower than in 2002. During the past decade, China’s social security system has taken shape, with social insurance as the mainstay. It encompasses social relief, social welfare, special care and placement, a housing security system and social charities. Free compulsory education covers both rural and urban areas. Education opportunities are far more equal, and the average length of national education exceeds nine years. The national medical service system has also held firm in face of such major epidemics as SARS, highly pathogenic avian influenza and Influenza A (H1N1). Reforms to the healthcare service system have made substantial progress, and a national basic medical insurance system has taken shape. China expanded its national medical service institutions to 950,000 in 2011. Sports undertakings have also reaped impressive results. China’s successful hosting of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games greatly enhanced the country’s international standing. From 2003 to 2011, China’s athletes garnered 1,063 world gold medals and set 136 world records.
Over the past decade the CPC Central Committee has proposed the new concept of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society. The country’s ecological environment has seen constant improvement owing to efforts to save energy and reduce emissions. Recent monitoring results show that water quality and urban air quality have both significantly improved. In 2011, total energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 12.9 percent from that of 2002, and comprehensive pollutant emissions were curbed.
The last decade also featured China’s successful hosting of grand international events and appropriate handling of various challenges, hence clearly demonstrating the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. The 2010 Shanghai World Expo attracted more than 70 million visitors, setting a new world record. The ingenious designs of various pavilions and well-planned organization aptly highlighted the expo theme of “Better City, Better life.” In coping with the international financial crisis, China also fully demonstrated the advantages of its system of socialist market economy. As the first to achieve economic turnaround, China became an important engine for world economic recovery. In dealing with such devastating natural disasters as the Wenchuan earthquake, the Zhouqu mudslide and the Yushu earthquake, as well as hailstorms and drought, the CPC exerted its power to rally both the army and people. In efforts to safeguard people’s lives and property, the government has, under the CPC leadership, successfully combated interference and sabotage by hostile overseas forces and appropriately dealt with riots in Lhasa of Tibet and Urumqi of Xinjiang according to Chinese laws, and restored local order. Thanks to favorable policies that the central government has introduced, regions inhabited by ethnic minorities are experiencing leapfrog social and economic development. The world has moreover been amazed at China’s major breakthroughs in science and technology, notably the successful launches of manned spacecrafts, the lunar exploration project, and the development and testing of Jiaolong, China’s first manned deepsea submersible. Major projects like the Three Gorges Dam, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the South-to-North water diversion project, have all brought encouraging results. China’s international status and influence have grown remarkably. The country’s enhanced comprehensive strength has prompted the clear intention of growing numbers of countries to strengthen their bilateral ties with China. By advocating peaceful development, China is building new-type relations with big countries, deepening its contacts with neighboring states, and consolidating relations with developing countries. In the international arena, China has championed the authority of the UN and its Security Council, and proactively taken on corresponding international responsibilities. China has also participated in the construction and reforms of multilateral mechanisms. By attending major international events such as the G20 and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) summits, China, with its distinct opinions and standpoints on major political and economic issues, plays a uniquely constructive role in international and regional hot issues. In upholding the basic principle of maintaining national sovereignty, security and development, China is contributing to the establishment of a harmonious international new order of more equal opportunities and evenly distributed power.
Party building over the past decade has been strengthened to propel the CPC’s advancement and improve its governance ability. In keeping abreast of the times, the CPC has put into practice the principle of exercising power for the people, showing concern for them and working for their interests while striving to build itself into a Marxist study-type Party. In the past 10 years, the advantages of the CPC with regards to theories, politics, organizations, systems and close ties with the people have come into full play. The CPC has also established and improved its system of punishing and preventing corruption and perfected its restriction and supervision mechanism over exercise of power. The media plays a growingly important role in supervision of the Party, thus enhancing its ability to resist corruption and other risks and maintain its advancement and integrity.
Remarkable progress has been made in Chinese society in the past decade under the CPC leadership. The secret of China’s impressive achievements lies in the Party’s adherence to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important concept of “Three Represents,” and in its theoretical innovations based on practice. The Scientific Outlook on Development – the result of a new theoretical innovation, has provided effective guidance in building a moderately prosperous society and in accelerating socialist modernization. Looking to the future, we face both opportunities and challenges, and thoroughgoing application of the Scientific Outlook on Development remains a long-term and arduous task.