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选取陕南传统民居为研究对象,借鉴景观基因理论,探讨传统民居对自然地理环境的适应。在结合相关地方史志文献与实地调查资料的基础上,采取结构提取法,从屋顶造型、山墙造型、屋脸形式、平面结构、局部装饰、建筑用材等六方面提取了陕南传统民居的景观基因。对自然地理环境的适应主要体现在地形地貌、气候环境以及植被状况等方面。民居的分布与地形条件关系密切,平地区多呈团块状分布,山地、丘陵地带多呈散点式分布;其平面布局亦与地形有很大关系,平地区多合院,山地、丘陵地带多“一”字形、“L”形以及“U”形,庭院开敞;屋顶、院落形态皆对气候环境有一定的反映,陕南为湿润、半湿润气候区,屋顶以悬山顶为主,且出檐深远;开敞式庭院有利于通风,天井可形成烟囱效应,将院内的湿热气迅速排出;土木瓦房、石板房、竹木房等很好地体现了就地取材这一基本通则。陕南传统民居的屋顶、山墙、平面形态、立面形态在传承中原民居的景观基因的基础上,为适应自然环境产生了景观变异。
This paper selects the traditional residential houses in southern Shaanxi as the research object and draws lessons from the theory of landscape genetics to discuss the adaptation of traditional residential buildings to the natural geographical environment. Based on the historical documents and field survey data of relevant places, the paper takes the method of structure extraction and extracts the landscape of traditional residential houses in southern Shaanxi from the six aspects of roof modeling, gable modeling, roof and roof structure, planar structure, partial decoration and construction materials gene. Adaptation to the natural geographical environment is mainly reflected in the topography, climate and vegetation status and other aspects. The distribution of dwelling houses is closely related to the terrain conditions. Most of the flat areas are mostly clumpy, with mountainous and hilly areas mostly scattered and scattered. The layout of the dwelling houses is also closely related to the terrain. The shape of the roof and courtyard are all reflected in the climate and environment. The southern part of Shaanxi is a humid and semi-humid climate zone, and the roof Mainly to the hanging roof, and the far out of the eaves; open courtyard is conducive to ventilation, the courtyard can form a chimney effect, the hospital quickly discharged hot and humid air; clay shingle, slate room, bamboo room, etc. is a good example Take this basic principle. The roof, gable, plane form and façade of the traditional residential houses in South Shaanxi have produced the landscape variation in order to adapt to the natural environment based on the inheritance of the landscape genes of the Zhongyuan folk house.