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从生命周期角度看,建筑碳足迹与能源和建材生产系统具有密切关系。随着技术的进步和节能政策的推进,中国能源的生产和使用,以及建材生产过程中的环境排放都随着时间在持续降低,这将间接地影响到建筑的环境表现。依据1990—2010年期间每5a的中国能源与建材生命周期清单数据,对北京市20年间住宅建筑系统开展生命周期评价和碳足迹核算,以揭示北京市住宅建筑系统的环境负荷变化特征。结果表明,北京市住宅建筑生命周期碳足迹随时间推移呈现降低趋势,主要来自能源系统和建材生产系统的碳减排贡献。不同结构建筑的碳足迹尽管有差异,但也呈现了相似的下降趋势。从生命周期阶段看,建筑碳足迹主要体现在建筑使用阶段和建材生产阶段。尽管建筑使用阶段的节能对于降低建筑生命周期碳足迹具有重要贡献,但节能在经济成本及环境成本方面而言是有限度的。在可持续的环境政策管理制定中,应从生命周期角度,统筹考虑协调各行业减碳的协调发展。论文同时也验证了在生命周期评价中考虑时间变量将有助于更好地利用生命周期评价结果支持环境可持续管理。结论对于城市规划的政策制定、量化环境表现是有益的。
From the life cycle perspective, the building carbon footprint is closely related to energy and building materials production systems. With advances in technology and energy conservation policies, both the production and use of energy in China and the environmental emissions in the production of building materials have been decreasing over time, which will indirectly affect the environmental performance of buildings. Based on the data of China’s Energy and Building Materials Life Cycle Inventory every 5-year period from 1990 to 2010, life-cycle assessment and carbon footprint accounting were conducted on residential building systems in Beijing in 20 years to reveal the characteristics of environmental load changes in Beijing’s residential building systems. The results show that the life cycle carbon footprint of residential buildings in Beijing shows a decreasing trend over time, mainly due to the contribution of carbon emissions from energy systems and building materials production systems. The carbon footprint of different structural buildings shows a similar downward trend despite differences. From the life cycle stage, the architectural carbon footprint is mainly reflected in the building use stage and the building material production stage. While energy efficiency in the use of buildings can make a significant contribution to reducing the carbon footprint of the building life cycle, energy efficiency is limited in terms of economic costs and environmental costs. In the formulation of sustainable environmental policy management, the coordinated development of reducing carbon in various industries should be considered in an integrated manner from the perspective of life cycle. The paper also validates that considering time variability in life cycle assessment will help make better use of life cycle assessment results in support of environmentally sustainable management. Conclusion Quantifying environmental performance is useful for policy making in urban planning.