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Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the contamination of OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) in sediments from the upper middle of S?o Francisco River (Bahia, Brazil) in order to evaluate their potential pollution risks. Samples of surface sediments were collected using a Petersen dredge at 21 stations located between Sobradinho and Cura?á. The organochlorine compounds analyzed were: p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE, dicofol, methoxychlor, HCHs, aldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan (α, β and sulfate) and chlordane (α and γ). Extractions were carried out using the MAE (microwave-assisted extraction) method and organochlorine pesticides determination was achieved by GC/MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Organochlorine concentrations ranged between 1.51-820.00 ng·g-1, indicating very low to high levels. The most frequent OCPs were endrin aldehyde, γ-HCH, β-HCH, α-HCH, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide.
Key words: Sediments, organochlorine pesticides, Sao Francisco River, Brazil.
Acknowledgments
This work is a part of the research project reference A/7139/06, financed by Agencia Espa?ola de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).
References
[1] Guidelines for the Preparation of Studies of the Physical Environment—Content and Methodology, Monograph Series, Ministry of Environment, Madrid, 2004.
[2] D. Barceló, C. Ayora, J. Carrera, S. Casta?o, M. Folch, E.G. Calvo, et al., Continental Waters—Management of Water Resources and Water Quality Treatment, Higher Council for Scientific Research, Reports CSIC, 2008.
[3] .A. Esteves, Fundamentals of Limnology, 2nd ed., Rio de Janeiro, Editora Interciência Ltda., Brazil, 1998.
[4] C. Baird, Environmental Chemistry, Bookman, S?o Paulo, Brasil, 2002.
[5] H.C. Jesus, E.A. Costa, A.S. Mendon?a, Distribution and abundance of heavy metals in sediments from Vitória Island estuarine system, Química Nova 27 (3) (2004) 378-386.
[6] R.Q. Yang, A.H. Lv, J.B. Shi, G.B. Jiang, The levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from the Haihe River, China, Chemosphere 61(2005) 347-354.
[7] A. Gómez-Gutiérrez, E. Garnacho, J.M. Bayona, J. Albaigés, Screening ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Mediterranean Sea sediments, Environ. Int. 33 (2007) 867-876.
[8] M. Beretta, T. Dick, Organochlorine compounds in human milk, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53 (1994) 357-360. [9] UNEP, Reduction and elimination of persistent organic pesticides: Guidance document on alternative strategies for sustainable pest and vector [Online], 2002, http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pdf/redeli pops/POPred_S.pdf (accessed Mac. 23, 2005).
[10] R. Zhou, L. Zhu, Y. Chen, Q. Kong, Concentrations and characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic biota from Qiantang River in China, Environmental Pollution 151 (2008) 190-199.
[11] G. Sparovek, M.A. Anisimova, M. Kolb, M. Bahadir, H. Wehage, E. Schnug, Organochlorine compounds in a Brazilian watershed with sugarcane and intense sediment redistribution, J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 2006-2010.
[12] E.M.S. Brito, E.D.R. Vieira, J.P.M. Torres, O. Malm, Persistent organic pollutants in two reservoirs along the Paraiba do Sul-Guandu river system, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Quim Nova 28 (2005) 941-946.
[13] D.M.L. Da Silva, P.B. de Camargo, L.A. Martinelli, F.M. Lan?as, J.S.S. Pinto, W.E.P. Avelar, Organochlorine pesticides in Piracicaba river basin (Sao Paulo/Brazil): A survey of sediment, bivalve and fish, Quim Nova 31(2008) 214-219.
[14] Sediment Sampling: SOP#2016, U.S. Environmental Response Team, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 1994.
[15] Microwave extraction, In: Test methods for evaluating solid waste: Physical/chemical methods, EPA-3546, USEPA SW-846, U.S. Environmental Response Team, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 2000.
[16] European Norm-Food for Animals, Determination of Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides, Gas Chromatographic Method, EN ISO 14181, International Organization for Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland, 2000.
[17] W.D. Guenzi, W.E. Beard, The effects of temperature and soil water on conversion of DDT to DDE in soil, J. Environ. Qual. 5 (1976) 243-246.
[18] J. Li, G. Zhang, S. Qi, X. Li, X. Peng, Concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China, Sci. Total Environ. 372 (2006) 215-224.
[19] J. S?rkk?, J. Paasivirta, E. H?s?nen, J. Koistinen, P. Manninem, K. M?ntykoski, et al., Organic chlorine compounds in lake sediments VI: Two bottom sites of Lake Ladoga near pulp mills, Chemosphere 26 (12) (1993) 2147-2160.
[20] M.A. Fernández, C. Alonso, M.J. González, L.M. Hernández, Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs and PCB congeners in waters and sediments of the Ebro River (Spain), Chemosphere 38 (1) (1999) 33-43. [21] L.M. Hernández, M.A. Fernández, M.J. González, Organochlorine pollutants in water, soils and earthworms in the Guadalquivir River, Spain, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49 (1992) 192-198.
[22] K. Walker, Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachloro-cyclohexanes in the environment, Environmental Science & Technology 33 (1999) 4373-4378.
[23] Z.L. Zhang, H.S. Hong, J.L. Zhou, J. Huang, G. Yu, Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in a water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary, southeast China, Chemosphere 52 (9) (2003) 1423-1430.
[24] E. Peris, S. Requena, M. De la Guardia, A. Pastor, J.M. Carrasco, Organochlorinated pesticides in sediments from the Lake Albufera of Valencia, Chemosphere 60 (2005) 1542-1549.
[25] R.A. Doong, Y.C. Sun, P.L Liao, C.K. Peng, S.C. Wu, Distribution and fate of organochlorines pesticide resisdues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan, Chemosphere 48 (2002) 237-246.
[26] J.F. Muller, S. Duquesne, G.R. Shaw, K. Krrishnamohan, K. Manonmanii, M. Hodge, et al., Pesticides in sediments from Queensland irrigation channels and drains, Marine Pollution Bulletin 41 (2000) 294-301.
[27] F.V. Almeida, Technical and scientific bases for developing sediment quality criteria relating to persistent organic compounds, Ph.D Thesis, Universidade Estadual De Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil, 2003.
[28] Z. Ayas, N.E. Barlas, D. Kolankaya, Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in various environments and organisms in G?ksu Delta, Turkey, Aquatic Toxicology 39 (1997) 171-181.
[29] Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Summary tables (update 2002), in: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, CCME(Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2002.
[30] D.D. MacDonald, C.G. Ingersoll, T.A. Berger, Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39 (2000) 20-31.
Key words: Sediments, organochlorine pesticides, Sao Francisco River, Brazil.
Acknowledgments
This work is a part of the research project reference A/7139/06, financed by Agencia Espa?ola de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).
References
[1] Guidelines for the Preparation of Studies of the Physical Environment—Content and Methodology, Monograph Series, Ministry of Environment, Madrid, 2004.
[2] D. Barceló, C. Ayora, J. Carrera, S. Casta?o, M. Folch, E.G. Calvo, et al., Continental Waters—Management of Water Resources and Water Quality Treatment, Higher Council for Scientific Research, Reports CSIC, 2008.
[3] .A. Esteves, Fundamentals of Limnology, 2nd ed., Rio de Janeiro, Editora Interciência Ltda., Brazil, 1998.
[4] C. Baird, Environmental Chemistry, Bookman, S?o Paulo, Brasil, 2002.
[5] H.C. Jesus, E.A. Costa, A.S. Mendon?a, Distribution and abundance of heavy metals in sediments from Vitória Island estuarine system, Química Nova 27 (3) (2004) 378-386.
[6] R.Q. Yang, A.H. Lv, J.B. Shi, G.B. Jiang, The levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from the Haihe River, China, Chemosphere 61(2005) 347-354.
[7] A. Gómez-Gutiérrez, E. Garnacho, J.M. Bayona, J. Albaigés, Screening ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Mediterranean Sea sediments, Environ. Int. 33 (2007) 867-876.
[8] M. Beretta, T. Dick, Organochlorine compounds in human milk, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53 (1994) 357-360. [9] UNEP, Reduction and elimination of persistent organic pesticides: Guidance document on alternative strategies for sustainable pest and vector [Online], 2002, http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pdf/redeli pops/POPred_S.pdf (accessed Mac. 23, 2005).
[10] R. Zhou, L. Zhu, Y. Chen, Q. Kong, Concentrations and characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic biota from Qiantang River in China, Environmental Pollution 151 (2008) 190-199.
[11] G. Sparovek, M.A. Anisimova, M. Kolb, M. Bahadir, H. Wehage, E. Schnug, Organochlorine compounds in a Brazilian watershed with sugarcane and intense sediment redistribution, J. Environ. Qual. 30 (2001) 2006-2010.
[12] E.M.S. Brito, E.D.R. Vieira, J.P.M. Torres, O. Malm, Persistent organic pollutants in two reservoirs along the Paraiba do Sul-Guandu river system, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Quim Nova 28 (2005) 941-946.
[13] D.M.L. Da Silva, P.B. de Camargo, L.A. Martinelli, F.M. Lan?as, J.S.S. Pinto, W.E.P. Avelar, Organochlorine pesticides in Piracicaba river basin (Sao Paulo/Brazil): A survey of sediment, bivalve and fish, Quim Nova 31(2008) 214-219.
[14] Sediment Sampling: SOP#2016, U.S. Environmental Response Team, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 1994.
[15] Microwave extraction, In: Test methods for evaluating solid waste: Physical/chemical methods, EPA-3546, USEPA SW-846, U.S. Environmental Response Team, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 2000.
[16] European Norm-Food for Animals, Determination of Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides, Gas Chromatographic Method, EN ISO 14181, International Organization for Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland, 2000.
[17] W.D. Guenzi, W.E. Beard, The effects of temperature and soil water on conversion of DDT to DDE in soil, J. Environ. Qual. 5 (1976) 243-246.
[18] J. Li, G. Zhang, S. Qi, X. Li, X. Peng, Concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China, Sci. Total Environ. 372 (2006) 215-224.
[19] J. S?rkk?, J. Paasivirta, E. H?s?nen, J. Koistinen, P. Manninem, K. M?ntykoski, et al., Organic chlorine compounds in lake sediments VI: Two bottom sites of Lake Ladoga near pulp mills, Chemosphere 26 (12) (1993) 2147-2160.
[20] M.A. Fernández, C. Alonso, M.J. González, L.M. Hernández, Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs and PCB congeners in waters and sediments of the Ebro River (Spain), Chemosphere 38 (1) (1999) 33-43. [21] L.M. Hernández, M.A. Fernández, M.J. González, Organochlorine pollutants in water, soils and earthworms in the Guadalquivir River, Spain, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49 (1992) 192-198.
[22] K. Walker, Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachloro-cyclohexanes in the environment, Environmental Science & Technology 33 (1999) 4373-4378.
[23] Z.L. Zhang, H.S. Hong, J.L. Zhou, J. Huang, G. Yu, Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in a water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary, southeast China, Chemosphere 52 (9) (2003) 1423-1430.
[24] E. Peris, S. Requena, M. De la Guardia, A. Pastor, J.M. Carrasco, Organochlorinated pesticides in sediments from the Lake Albufera of Valencia, Chemosphere 60 (2005) 1542-1549.
[25] R.A. Doong, Y.C. Sun, P.L Liao, C.K. Peng, S.C. Wu, Distribution and fate of organochlorines pesticide resisdues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan, Chemosphere 48 (2002) 237-246.
[26] J.F. Muller, S. Duquesne, G.R. Shaw, K. Krrishnamohan, K. Manonmanii, M. Hodge, et al., Pesticides in sediments from Queensland irrigation channels and drains, Marine Pollution Bulletin 41 (2000) 294-301.
[27] F.V. Almeida, Technical and scientific bases for developing sediment quality criteria relating to persistent organic compounds, Ph.D Thesis, Universidade Estadual De Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil, 2003.
[28] Z. Ayas, N.E. Barlas, D. Kolankaya, Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in various environments and organisms in G?ksu Delta, Turkey, Aquatic Toxicology 39 (1997) 171-181.
[29] Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life: Summary tables (update 2002), in: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, CCME(Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2002.
[30] D.D. MacDonald, C.G. Ingersoll, T.A. Berger, Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39 (2000) 20-31.