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中世纪是欧洲文化史上的黑暗时代。天主教会是中世纪欧洲封建制度的精神支柱,神学统治着人们的思想意识,意识形态的其他一切形式——哲学、政治、法学、文学、艺术等都成了它的奴仆。正如恩格斯所说:“中世纪只知道一种意识形态,即宗教和神学。”而任何自由思想的出现,都要遭到封建帝国和天主教会的残酷迫害。意大利最著名的诗人但丁·亚历盖利(1265——1321)用自己的创作冲破了这一森严的“禁区”,成为中世纪进步文学的杰出代表,欧洲文化复兴的先驱之一。恩格斯在《共产党宣言》《1893年意大利文版序》
The Middle Ages are the dark ages in European cultural history. The Catholic Church is the spiritual pillar of medieval feudalism in Europe. Theology ruled people’s ideology and all other forms of ideology - philosophy, politics, law, literature, art, etc. became its servants. As Engels said: “The Middle Ages only knew of an ideology, religion and theology.” And the emergence of any liberal thought was brutally persecuted by feudal empires and the Catholic Church. The most famous poet in Italy, Dante Alighieri (1265--1321), broke through this harsh “closed area” with his own creations and became one of the forerunners of the progressive literature of the Middle Ages and the pioneer of European cultural renaissance. Engels in the “Manifesto of the Communist” 1893 Italian version of "