早期直肠癌是指仅限于粘膜或粘膜下层的直肠恶性肿瘤，由于其无淋巴结转移，外科局部切除就可达到治疗目的。１９９３～１９９４年期间作者针对距肛门５～１０ｃｍ的５例早期直肠肿瘤患者，施行了非开腹后方径路外科局部切除术，经临床观察效果满意，本文就其手术适应证进行了探讨。笔者认为：（１）此法可在直视下行肿瘤切除，费时少，风险小；（２）同时能进行直肠旁淋巴结清扫；（３）保留肛门功能的三大特点。 Early rectal cancer refers to rectal cancer that is limited to the mucosa or submucosa. Because there is no lymph node metastasis, local surgical resection can achieve therapeutic goals. From 1993 to 1994, the author performed a non-open abdominal surgical resection for 5 patients with early rectal tumors 5 to 10 cm away from the anus. The clinical results were satisfactory. This article discussed the surgical indications. The author believes: (1) This method can be used to remove tumors under direct vision, which takes less time and less risk; (2) can also perform perianal lymph node dissection; (3) preserve the three major features of anal function.