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一、 不该不用连接词that
The teacher said to me, “You can hand in your homework tomorrow.”(变为间接引语)
【误】The teacher told me I could hand in my homework the next day.
【正】The teacher told me that I could hand in my homework the next day.
说明： 若引述动词(如本句中的told)和宾语中有间接宾语(如本句中的me)时，直接宾语从句的连接词that最好不要省去。
此外，以下几种情况下连接词that也不能省去：
① 并列的间接引语的第二句及以后各句。例如：
He said (that) he would come to see me and that he would stay here for a couple of days.
② 引述动词后有状语时，要通过说明此状语是引述动词的状语还是引语中的状语。例如：
He said once again that he had failed the exam.
He said that once again he had failed the exam.
③ 不常用的动词后一般不省去that。例如：
He argued that he really didn’t know at that time.
二、 缺少间接宾语
【误】 He told that he would never play with her.
【正】 he told me that he would never play with her.
说明： tell后接引语时要带上间接宾语，构成双宾语句型，这是tell的习惯用法。在ask后习惯上也要求跟间接宾语。例如：
He asked me what I was doing.
三、 语序不对
【误】 He asked the foreigner what language did he speak.
【正】 He asked the foreigner what language he spoke.
【误】 The doctor asked me what the matter was.
【正】 The doctor asked me what was the matter.
说明： 间接引语要求使用陈述句语序，也就是说在引语中要主语在前，谓语在后。上述第一句在直接引语中用的是倒装语序，即谓语的一部分(did)提到了主语(he)之前。而在间接引语中，要恢复陈述句语序，就要去掉变问句时加上的助动词did。
而在第二句中，“What’s the matter?”并不是倒装语序，而是正常语序，即what是主语，而is the matter是谓语(这与“What’s your name?”这一句的结构是不一样的)，所以在间接引语中要保留原有的语序。这也是一个值得注意的特例。
四、 if与whether不分
【误】 They asked me if I would go on Monday or on Tuesday.
【正】 They asked me whether I would go on Monday or on Tuesday.
说明： 一般情况下，因为if与whether都可以表示“是否”，二者常可以互换使用。但有时就只能选用whether。
① 在介词后只能用whether。例如：
We are talking about whether we should be allowed to bring mobile phones to school. 我们正在讨论我们是否应被允许带手机上学。
② 若宾语从句中又含有if引起的条件状语从句，则避免再用if引导。
He asked me whether I could take him to the park if I was free. 他问我如果我有空能不能带他去公园。
不要说He asked me if I could take him to the park if I was free.。
③ 若用if引导会引起歧义时，也应换用whether。
Tell me if you want an answer.
若把从句当成宾语从句，则意为：告诉我你是否需要答案。
若把从句当成状语从句，则意为：如果你需要答案就告诉我。
若改为Tell me whether you want an answer则没有歧义。
④ 引导并列的宾语从句时，应用whether。
He asked whether Nick would arrive in time or whether he would be late. 他问尼克会及时赶到还是会迟到。
⑤ 引起带有选择项的内容时，应用whether。
I want to make sure whether you will come on Monday or Tuesday. 我想弄准你是周一来还是周二来。
⑥ 与or not连用时
若or not放在句后，用whether或if均可；若与or not紧连着使用，则只能用whether。例如：
I wonder whether / if she still remembers me or not.
I wonder whether or not she still remembers me. 我不知道她是否还记得我。
五、 时态变化不对
【误】 He said he has understood.
【正】 He said he had understood.
【误】 Jim told his teacher that he had been born in 1990.
【正】 Jim told his teacher that he was born in 1990.
说明： 因为间接引语是基于引述动词发生的时间的，所以当引述动词是过去时的时候，间接引语中也要用相应的过去时态，即：一般现在时→一般过去时；现在进行时→过去进行时；现在完成时→过去完成时；一般过去时→过去完成时；一般将来时→过去将来时；过去完成时→过去完成时。但有两种情况时态不发生变化。
① 当直接引语中含有那些不以现在为基点的时间状语如in 1997，when he came in，on Monday，at six every day，after supper等时，间接引语中保留过去时。转述过去的历史事实时，过去时一般不变。例如：
The teacher said that America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
时间状语从句中的一般过去时一般不变。例如：
She said that she was sleeping when the fire broke out.
② 当转述永恒的客观真理时，间接引语仍用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
转述者认为转述内容就是现在的事实或认为转述信息现在仍有效时，时态不变。例如：
She said she is from Canada.(说话者已相信She’s from Canada是个现在的事实)
六、 时间状语变化不对
【误】 Lucy said she had heard from Tom last week.
【正】 Lucy said she had heard from Tom the year before.
说明： 如果转述动词用过去时，现在时间常变为过去时间。以现在为基点的时间状语常变为以过去为基点的时间状语。即：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night; this week, etc.→that week, etc.; this morning, etc→that morning, etc.; yesterday→the day before; yesterday morning→the morning before; last year / week→the year / week before; two months ago→two months before; tomorrow→the next / following day; tomorrow afternoon→the next afternoon; next year, etc.→the next year, etc.。
那些不以现在为基点的时间状语如in 1997, when he came in, on Monday, at six every day, after supper等则不变。
七、 情态动词处理不当
“We shall have an English test next week,” said the teacher. (变为间接引语)
【误】 The teacher said that we should have an English test the next week.
【正】 The teacher said that we would have an English test the next week.
说明： shall表示纯粹将来的时候，间接引语中应换用would；表示提议、征询时，不管人称怎样改变一律变为should。
八、 没有注意虚拟语气
“You must finish the work today,” ordered the boss. (变为间接引语)
【误】 The boss ordered that they must finish the work that day.
【正】 The boss ordered that they (should) finish the work that day.
说明： 在order，suggest，insist等词后的间接引语要使用虚拟语气，表示间接的命令、建议、要求或请求。这时引语中的谓语动词要用原形或在前面加should。
九、 引述动词不妥
“Why don’t you go and see it?” said Kate.
【误】 Kate asked me why I didn’t go and see it.
【正】 Kate advised me to go and see it.
【正】 Kate suggested that I go and see it.
说明： 有的话语虽然表面是以问句的形式出现，但它的功能却是在提建议或发出请求、命令等，所以在转述时应按命令或请求句处理。
十、 标点符号不对
【误】 He asked me where I had been?
【正】 He asked me where I had been.
说明： 间接引语是在对原问句进行转述，所以总体是陈述句，决不要在句后再用问号或感叹号。
【专项练习】
将下列各句变为间接引语：
1. “I wrote to Li Ming last week,” Tom said to me.
2. “I’ll write to Li Ming tomorrow evening,”said Tom.
3. “I had written 20 letters to Li Ming by the end of last year,” said Tom.
4. “I was helping my father on the farm all day,” said Jim.
5. “I was sleeping this time yesterday,” said Paul.
6. His friend said to him, “Health is happiness.”
7. “When did the film begin?” she asked.
8. “You may stay here for another month,”said Mr Brown.
9.He said to him, “You needn’t worry. I’ll help you.”
10. “I shall have a word with Bob after class,” said Peter.
11. “He suggested that I give up the plan,” she said.
12. “Do you have any storybooks?” he said to me.
13. “Don’t you know her?” said Jenny.
14. “You’ve read this book, haven’t you?” I said.
15. “Will it rain tomorrow or not?” she asked me.
16. “Pass me that glass of water, please,” said Miss Chen.
17. “Be quiet, children,” she said.
18. “Please ring me up as soon as you get there,” said my mother.
19. “Let’s go and ask Mr Smith,” he said.
20. “What about going fishing tomorrow?” he said.
Keys:
1. Tom told me (比said to me更常用)that he had written to Li Ming the week before.
2. Tom said that he would write to Li Ming the next evening.
3. Tom said that he had written 20 letters to Li Ming by the end of the year before.
4. Jim said he had been helping his father on the farm all day.
5. Paul said that he was sleeping that time the day before.
6. His friend told him that health is happiness.
7. She asked me when the film began.
8. Mr Brown said that I might stay there for another month.
9. I told him that he needn’t worry and that I would help him.
10. Peter said he would have a word with Bob after class.
11. She said that he (had) suggested that she (should) give up the plan.
12. He asked me if / whether I had any storybooks.
13. Jenny asked if / whether I knew her.
14. I asked if / whether he had read that book.
15. She asked me if / whether it would rain the next day or not. Or: She asked me whether(不用if) or not it would rain the next day.
16. Miss Chen asked me / him to pass her that glass of water.
17. She told the children to be quiet.
18. My mother asked / told me to ring her up as soon as I got there.
19. He suggested we (should) go and ask Mr Smith.
20. He suggested we (should) go fishing the nest day.★
The teacher said to me, “You can hand in your homework tomorrow.”(变为间接引语)
【误】The teacher told me I could hand in my homework the next day.
【正】The teacher told me that I could hand in my homework the next day.
说明： 若引述动词(如本句中的told)和宾语中有间接宾语(如本句中的me)时，直接宾语从句的连接词that最好不要省去。
此外，以下几种情况下连接词that也不能省去：
① 并列的间接引语的第二句及以后各句。例如：
He said (that) he would come to see me and that he would stay here for a couple of days.
② 引述动词后有状语时，要通过说明此状语是引述动词的状语还是引语中的状语。例如：
He said once again that he had failed the exam.
He said that once again he had failed the exam.
③ 不常用的动词后一般不省去that。例如：
He argued that he really didn’t know at that time.
二、 缺少间接宾语
【误】 He told that he would never play with her.
【正】 he told me that he would never play with her.
说明： tell后接引语时要带上间接宾语，构成双宾语句型，这是tell的习惯用法。在ask后习惯上也要求跟间接宾语。例如：
He asked me what I was doing.
三、 语序不对
【误】 He asked the foreigner what language did he speak.
【正】 He asked the foreigner what language he spoke.
【误】 The doctor asked me what the matter was.
【正】 The doctor asked me what was the matter.
说明： 间接引语要求使用陈述句语序，也就是说在引语中要主语在前，谓语在后。上述第一句在直接引语中用的是倒装语序，即谓语的一部分(did)提到了主语(he)之前。而在间接引语中，要恢复陈述句语序，就要去掉变问句时加上的助动词did。
而在第二句中，“What’s the matter?”并不是倒装语序，而是正常语序，即what是主语，而is the matter是谓语(这与“What’s your name?”这一句的结构是不一样的)，所以在间接引语中要保留原有的语序。这也是一个值得注意的特例。
四、 if与whether不分
【误】 They asked me if I would go on Monday or on Tuesday.
【正】 They asked me whether I would go on Monday or on Tuesday.
说明： 一般情况下，因为if与whether都可以表示“是否”，二者常可以互换使用。但有时就只能选用whether。
① 在介词后只能用whether。例如：
We are talking about whether we should be allowed to bring mobile phones to school. 我们正在讨论我们是否应被允许带手机上学。
② 若宾语从句中又含有if引起的条件状语从句，则避免再用if引导。
He asked me whether I could take him to the park if I was free. 他问我如果我有空能不能带他去公园。
不要说He asked me if I could take him to the park if I was free.。
③ 若用if引导会引起歧义时，也应换用whether。
Tell me if you want an answer.
若把从句当成宾语从句，则意为：告诉我你是否需要答案。
若把从句当成状语从句，则意为：如果你需要答案就告诉我。
若改为Tell me whether you want an answer则没有歧义。
④ 引导并列的宾语从句时，应用whether。
He asked whether Nick would arrive in time or whether he would be late. 他问尼克会及时赶到还是会迟到。
⑤ 引起带有选择项的内容时，应用whether。
I want to make sure whether you will come on Monday or Tuesday. 我想弄准你是周一来还是周二来。
⑥ 与or not连用时
若or not放在句后，用whether或if均可；若与or not紧连着使用，则只能用whether。例如：
I wonder whether / if she still remembers me or not.
I wonder whether or not she still remembers me. 我不知道她是否还记得我。
五、 时态变化不对
【误】 He said he has understood.
【正】 He said he had understood.
【误】 Jim told his teacher that he had been born in 1990.
【正】 Jim told his teacher that he was born in 1990.
说明： 因为间接引语是基于引述动词发生的时间的，所以当引述动词是过去时的时候，间接引语中也要用相应的过去时态，即：一般现在时→一般过去时；现在进行时→过去进行时；现在完成时→过去完成时；一般过去时→过去完成时；一般将来时→过去将来时；过去完成时→过去完成时。但有两种情况时态不发生变化。
① 当直接引语中含有那些不以现在为基点的时间状语如in 1997，when he came in，on Monday，at six every day，after supper等时，间接引语中保留过去时。转述过去的历史事实时，过去时一般不变。例如：
The teacher said that America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
时间状语从句中的一般过去时一般不变。例如：
She said that she was sleeping when the fire broke out.
② 当转述永恒的客观真理时，间接引语仍用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
转述者认为转述内容就是现在的事实或认为转述信息现在仍有效时，时态不变。例如：
She said she is from Canada.(说话者已相信She’s from Canada是个现在的事实)
六、 时间状语变化不对
【误】 Lucy said she had heard from Tom last week.
【正】 Lucy said she had heard from Tom the year before.
说明： 如果转述动词用过去时，现在时间常变为过去时间。以现在为基点的时间状语常变为以过去为基点的时间状语。即：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night; this week, etc.→that week, etc.; this morning, etc→that morning, etc.; yesterday→the day before; yesterday morning→the morning before; last year / week→the year / week before; two months ago→two months before; tomorrow→the next / following day; tomorrow afternoon→the next afternoon; next year, etc.→the next year, etc.。
那些不以现在为基点的时间状语如in 1997, when he came in, on Monday, at six every day, after supper等则不变。
七、 情态动词处理不当
“We shall have an English test next week,” said the teacher. (变为间接引语)
【误】 The teacher said that we should have an English test the next week.
【正】 The teacher said that we would have an English test the next week.
说明： shall表示纯粹将来的时候，间接引语中应换用would；表示提议、征询时，不管人称怎样改变一律变为should。
八、 没有注意虚拟语气
“You must finish the work today,” ordered the boss. (变为间接引语)
【误】 The boss ordered that they must finish the work that day.
【正】 The boss ordered that they (should) finish the work that day.
说明： 在order，suggest，insist等词后的间接引语要使用虚拟语气，表示间接的命令、建议、要求或请求。这时引语中的谓语动词要用原形或在前面加should。
九、 引述动词不妥
“Why don’t you go and see it?” said Kate.
【误】 Kate asked me why I didn’t go and see it.
【正】 Kate advised me to go and see it.
【正】 Kate suggested that I go and see it.
说明： 有的话语虽然表面是以问句的形式出现，但它的功能却是在提建议或发出请求、命令等，所以在转述时应按命令或请求句处理。
十、 标点符号不对
【误】 He asked me where I had been?
【正】 He asked me where I had been.
说明： 间接引语是在对原问句进行转述，所以总体是陈述句，决不要在句后再用问号或感叹号。
【专项练习】
将下列各句变为间接引语：
1. “I wrote to Li Ming last week,” Tom said to me.
2. “I’ll write to Li Ming tomorrow evening,”said Tom.
3. “I had written 20 letters to Li Ming by the end of last year,” said Tom.
4. “I was helping my father on the farm all day,” said Jim.
5. “I was sleeping this time yesterday,” said Paul.
6. His friend said to him, “Health is happiness.”
7. “When did the film begin?” she asked.
8. “You may stay here for another month,”said Mr Brown.
9.He said to him, “You needn’t worry. I’ll help you.”
10. “I shall have a word with Bob after class,” said Peter.
11. “He suggested that I give up the plan,” she said.
12. “Do you have any storybooks?” he said to me.
13. “Don’t you know her?” said Jenny.
14. “You’ve read this book, haven’t you?” I said.
15. “Will it rain tomorrow or not?” she asked me.
16. “Pass me that glass of water, please,” said Miss Chen.
17. “Be quiet, children,” she said.
18. “Please ring me up as soon as you get there,” said my mother.
19. “Let’s go and ask Mr Smith,” he said.
20. “What about going fishing tomorrow?” he said.
Keys:
1. Tom told me (比said to me更常用)that he had written to Li Ming the week before.
2. Tom said that he would write to Li Ming the next evening.
3. Tom said that he had written 20 letters to Li Ming by the end of the year before.
4. Jim said he had been helping his father on the farm all day.
5. Paul said that he was sleeping that time the day before.
6. His friend told him that health is happiness.
7. She asked me when the film began.
8. Mr Brown said that I might stay there for another month.
9. I told him that he needn’t worry and that I would help him.
10. Peter said he would have a word with Bob after class.
11. She said that he (had) suggested that she (should) give up the plan.
12. He asked me if / whether I had any storybooks.
13. Jenny asked if / whether I knew her.
14. I asked if / whether he had read that book.
15. She asked me if / whether it would rain the next day or not. Or: She asked me whether(不用if) or not it would rain the next day.
16. Miss Chen asked me / him to pass her that glass of water.
17. She told the children to be quiet.
18. My mother asked / told me to ring her up as soon as I got there.
19. He suggested we (should) go and ask Mr Smith.
20. He suggested we (should) go fishing the nest day.★