自从脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(IPV)和口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)问世并广泛使用以来,脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰)发病率急剧下降。在美国,每年报道的麻痹性脊灰不到10例,且均为疫苗相关病例。相反,在不发达国家,由野毒株所致的麻痹性疾病仍成问题,部分原因是服用OPV后,血清阳转率低下。最近,增效IPV(EIPV)的使用促进了联合疫苗接种程序的发展,该程序可降低疫苗相关麻痹性脊灰的发生率,并保持良好的粘膜保护作用。最近的研究提示,使用两剂EIPV后,再服用两剂OPV,能提供极好的抗Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型脊灰病毒的全身和局部免疫力。 The incidence of polio (referred to as polio) has dropped dramatically since the advent of poliomyelitis inactivated vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) and their widespread use. In the United States, less than 10 cases of paralytic polio are reported each year, all of which are vaccine-related cases. In contrast, paralytic diseases caused by wild-type strains remain problematic in underdeveloped countries, in part because of a low seroconversion rate following OPV. More recently, the use of synergistic IPV (EIPV) has facilitated the development of a joint vaccination program that reduces the incidence of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and maintains good mucosal protection. Recent studies suggest that two doses of OPV followed by two doses of EIPV may provide excellent systemic and local immunity against Type I, II and III poliovirus.