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市场经济是以市场机制为基础自动实现社会资源配置的一种方式。一方面,它能实现资源配置,增强经济动力;另一方面,它也会因市场经济内在功能性缺陷和外部条件缺陷,引起市场机制在资源配置的某些领域运转不灵,造成市场失灵。而市场经济不仅存在于实体经济中,更是虚拟经济运转的媒介,因此,市场失灵不仅会出现在实体经济中,也必然是虚拟经济不可避免的。本文在回顾当前对虚拟经济中的市场失灵已有研究的基础上,对虚拟经济中的四种市场失灵——外部性、信息不对称、公共物品与垄断——的特性与具体表现进行了分析,最后基于马克思虚拟资本循环模型,指出了虚拟经济中市场失灵的根源在于信用保障问题和实体经济对虚拟经济支撑的缺失。
Market economy is a way of automatically allocating social resources based on the market mechanism. On the one hand, it can realize the allocation of resources and enhance the economic momentum. On the other hand, it will also cause the market mechanism to malfunction in some areas of resource allocation due to the inherent functional defects in the market economy and the external conditions, resulting in market failure. However, the market economy exists not only in the real economy but also as a medium for the operation of the fictitious economy. Therefore, the market failure will not only occur in the real economy but also inevitably in the fictitious economy. On the basis of reviewing the current research on market failure in virtual economy, this paper analyzes the characteristics and specific performance of four kinds of market failure in virtual economy - externalities, information asymmetry, public goods and monopoly Finally, it points out that the root cause of the market failure in the virtual economy is the issue of credit guarantee and the lack of support for the virtual economy by the real economy based on Marx’s model of virtual capital cycle.