Nanostructured cerium oxide(CeO 2) commonly known as nanoceria is a rare earth metal oxide, which plays a technologically important role due to its versatile applications as automobile exhaust catalysts, oxide ion conductors in solid oxide fuel cells, electrode materials for gas sensors, ultraviolet absorbents and glass-polishing materials. However, nanoceria has little or weak luminescence, and therefore its uses in high-performance luminescent devices and biomedical areas are limited. In this review, we present the recent advances of nanoceria in the aspects of synthesis, luminescence and biomedical studies. The CeO 2 nanoparticles can be synthesized by solution-based methods including co-precipitation, hydrothermal, microemulsion process, sol-gel techniques, combustion reaction and so on. Achieving controlled morphologies and enhanced luminescence efficiency of nanoceria particles are quite essential for its potential energy- and environment-related applications. Additionally, a new frontier for nanoceria particles in biomedical research has also been opened, which involves low toxicity, retinopathy, biosensors and cancer therapy aspects. Finally, the summary and outlook on the challenges and perspectives of the nanoceria particles are proposed. Nanostructured cerium oxide (CeO 2) commonly known as nanoceria is a rare earth metal oxide, which plays a technologically important role due to its versatile applications as automobile exhaust catalysts, oxide ion conductors in solid oxide fuel cells, electrode materials for gas sensors, ultraviolet absorbents and glass-polishing materials. However, nanoceria has little or weak luminescence, and therefore its uses in high-performance luminescent devices and biomedical areas are limited. In this review, we present the recent advances in nanoceria in the aspects of synthesis, luminescence and biomedical studies. The CeO 2 nanoparticles can be synthesized by solution-based methods including co-precipitation, hydrothermal, microemulsion process, sol-gel techniques, combustion reaction and so on. Achieving controlled morphologies and enhanced luminescence efficiency of nanoceria particles are quite essential for its potential energy- and environment-related applications. Additionally, a new frontier for nanoceria particles in biomedical research has also been opened, which involves low toxicity, retinopathy, biosensors and cancer therapy aspects. Finally, the summary and outlook on the challenges and perspectives of the nanoceria particles are proposed.