引言理论不仅是为学术保持体面,还没有什么东西能像好的理论那么切实有用。解决问题的[种种办法]是能起作用的,但只知道这一层是不够的,因为此种作用可能很大程度上出于偶然。要能明智地运用它们,还须为它们的成功和失败作出解释。而且,作为今后在各种社会情况下,各种组织层次上处理冲突的政策指导,必须制订一个合适的概念框架。总之,解决问题是系统哲学的一部分,其价值在于能通过实证经验而得以确定。问题 INTRODUCTION Theory is not only about keeping decent for academic purposes, but nothing can be as useful as a good theory. The solution to the problem is working, but knowing that is not enough, because it can be largely by accident. To be able to use them wisely, we must explain their successes and failures. Moreover, as a policy guide for dealing with conflicts at various organizational levels in various social situations in future, a suitable conceptual framework must be formulated. In short, problem solving is part of philosophy of the system and its value is determined through empirical experience. problem