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美国经济学家阿克洛夫(G.Akerlof)1970年提出了著名的旧车市场模型,开创了“逆向选择”(adverse selection)理论的先河。在旧车市场上,买者和卖者之间对汽车质量信息的掌握是不对称的。卖者知道所售汽车的真实质量。一般情况下,潜在的买者要想确切地辨认出旧车市场上汽车质量的好坏是困难的。他最多只能通过外观、介绍及简单的现场试验等,来获取有关汽车质量的信息。然而,从这些信息中很难准确判断出车的质量。因为车的真实质量只有通过长时间地使用才能看出,但这在旧车市场上又是不可能的。所以我们说,旧车市场上的买者在购买汽车之前,并不知道哪辆汽车是高质量的,哪辆汽车是低质量的,他只知道旧车市场上汽车的平均质量。
G.Akerlof, the American economist, put forward the famous model of the used car market in 1970, which pioneered the theory of “adverse selection”. In the old car market, the mastery of automobile quality information between buyers and sellers is asymmetrical. The seller knows the true quality of the car sold. Under normal circumstances, the potential buyers want to accurately identify the old car market, the quality of the car is good or bad. He can only get information about the quality of a car at most by way of appearance, introduction and simple field trials. However, it is difficult to accurately judge the quality of the car from these pieces of information. Because the true quality of a car can only be seen through prolonged use, it is impossible in an old car market. So we say that buyers in the used car market do not know which car is high quality and which car is low quality before buying a car. He only knows the average quality of the car in the used car market.