论文部分内容阅读
摘要:人類有三种阅读模型:自下而上,自上而下和交流互动模型。《英语课程标准》强调高中英语教学应注重批判性思维能力的培养。批判性阅读课的关键在于,基于文本理解基础上的交流探讨,对文章和作者形成自己的观点和看法。本文以一次公开课为例,阐述如何将交流互动模型与批判性思维能力的培养结合。
关键词:阅读教学;批判性思维;高中英语
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2017)10-0046
一、批判性阅读课设计思路及过程描述
阅读材料是批判性阅读课的重要一环,并不是所有的阅读材料都适用批判性阅读的训练。本次课采用的是人教版英语7(选修)The Innuit Legend of Sedna the Sea Goddess。这篇文章是对 Unit 3, Book 7 主题的一个拓展阅读。它是一个传奇故事,展现古代人民对自然的敬畏以及父辈与孩子沟通的重要性。故事中父亲的角色可有多种解读,情节的发展也比较曲折,因此,学生会有意愿与文本互动,利用已有的背景知识,对文本进行解构与解读。此外,该故事结构清晰,用词到位,句式优美,可用于阅读策略的训练。
本节课针对的是高二下学期的学生。他们已有一定词汇以及阅读策略方面的积累与训练,但在小组合作,交流探索方面仍有提升空间。因此,本节课首先让学生明白传奇故事是什么,激发他们的背景知识图式。而后以问题为引导,让学生猜测文中人物间的关系与结果,并通过阅读印证假设。有了输入,还要有输出。笔者在输出活动中让学生以小组为单位绘制思维导图, 目的是让每位学生都能理解故事,并且激发学生以思维导图,构建知识,复述故事。笔者在学生分组复述故事后,引领他们理解故事的基本结构:背景,发展,高潮,结尾(寓意)。至此,笔者已引导学生进行阅读的扫读、寻读,理解代词指代策略的训练。
教学过程描述:1. 教师与学生自由对话,在对话中导入交流与传奇话题。2. 让学生带着问题第一次读文本,初步了解人物、关系及情节。而后,小组合作回答细节问题,帮助学生进一步理解文本。3. 小组合作完成思维导图,并以组为单位复述故事。
以下是小组复述故事的重现:
T: This is a mind map describing the beginning of the story. Follow this and work with your peers to draw your mind maps. Each group is responsible for one paragraph.
...
S: First of all, this is an island they came to. Sedna found what the island had was grass and seaweeds and animal feathers. After the hunter put off his fur, Sedna found that the hunter isn’t a real man. He is a bird man. But Sedna has no choice.
T: Thank you very much! Group 2, please get ready!
S: The first picture is describing that Sedna is crying for help, because she found that her husband is a bird man. She never becomes used to the bird man and she cried for her father’s name. The second picture describes her father heard her calling and he begins to feel guilty. He says sorry for that. I will come to save you. He got into his canoe and paddled for days. This is the canoe. He is trying to save his daughter. His daughter was standing on a stone, and looking to find if her father will save her. And she very misses him. I am waiting for you. The last picture, her father picks up her daughter and they come home. This is a happy ending.
T: Thank you very much! Let’s invite group
Who’s your representative?
S: One day the bird man went out to catch his food. He caught some fishes back. When he came back to the island, he found that her wife has disappointed (disappeared). He then immediately went out in search of her. Then he found that his wife and his father began to escape from the island. The bird man is very angry, so he told his father to send Sedna back but he refused. So finally he was so angry that he flapped his wings and made huge waves. T: Then, what happened next? They were really scared, right? So are you ready to know the ending of this story? Let’s invite group 6. S: Sedna’s was so frightened that he forced Sedna to leave him. Sedna hanged onto the canoe so her father cut off her fingers. As the fingers sank to the bottom of the ocean, they became large sea animals. Sedna lifted up and became goddess of the sea. That’s the ending.
批判性阅读课的关键在于,基于文本理解基础上的交流探讨。因此,笔者在进行小组合作绘制思維导图前,先让学生带着问题,独立阅读,与文本互动,充分激发他们的背景知识图式,解读文本。绘制思维导图调动学生通过自己的方式,解构文本,再以此为基础向他人解读文本。这样可确认大部分学生对文本有基本的理解。
4. 总结与作业
课的最后,笔者布置了一个写作任务如下:
日常生活中,因为缺乏沟通,我们对父母可能有误解。请写一封信给父母,包含以下要点:(1)你误解父母的一件事情。(2)为什么会误解?(3)你希望获得父母的谅解。
因此,批判性阅读课不仅仅要调动学生与文本互动,与他人互动,形成自己的观点看法,还需要教师适时引导,让交流讨论往切合材料主题的方向走,这样,学生获得的输入才能更好地促进输出。
二、教学反思
笔者在本次批判阅读课中有许多收获,但也存在不足。阅读课应该关注阅读的过程,但不能忽视词汇的准备。在课前导入时应适当对故事中核心的词汇做一些梳理,并且在阅读后的反馈中反复复现词汇。所以,笔者认为,批判阅读课在材料的选择方面,应最大程度上降低学生信息沟,文中70-80%的单词应为大部分学生熟悉的词汇,或者在课前让学生预习词汇。
批判性阅读课关键在于互动与思考。笔者本次从文本的扫读寻读,到文本的解构再到文本的深层理解与探讨,能够调动一部分程度较为好的学生,但一些稍弱的学生在活动中的参与程度有限。所以,笔者反思,在难度较低的任务中,如一开始的寻找人物及关系任务,应多调动那部分稍弱的学生, 给他们思考输出的机会。
在任务完成的评价方面,笔者遵循言之成理的原则,只要学生有理有据,便予以鼓励,但是,笔者认为在鼓励学生积极思考方面,还可以多下工夫,亟待从形成性与综合性方面思考。
本次课的亮点在于以小组合作, 绘制思维导图的任务设计,体现了思维型和开放性,让学生积极思考,真正参与到课堂中。在未来批判阅读课的设计中,笔者认为有几点可以思考:1. 如何让学生真正参与到课堂中,激发学生的阅读兴趣。本篇传奇故事讲述人与人、人与自然的关系,这与学生的生活实际密切相关,但又耐人寻味。2. 活动与问题设置的层次性与科学性。本次课的活动与问题设置针对传奇故事这一主题展开,以文本理解为前提,层层递进,让学生有比较清楚明晰的认识。未来的研究方向可针对不同的文体开展探讨,如说明文,议论文等。
(作者单位:广东省翠园中学 518003)
关键词:阅读教学;批判性思维;高中英语
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2017)10-0046
一、批判性阅读课设计思路及过程描述
阅读材料是批判性阅读课的重要一环,并不是所有的阅读材料都适用批判性阅读的训练。本次课采用的是人教版英语7(选修)The Innuit Legend of Sedna the Sea Goddess。这篇文章是对 Unit 3, Book 7 主题的一个拓展阅读。它是一个传奇故事,展现古代人民对自然的敬畏以及父辈与孩子沟通的重要性。故事中父亲的角色可有多种解读,情节的发展也比较曲折,因此,学生会有意愿与文本互动,利用已有的背景知识,对文本进行解构与解读。此外,该故事结构清晰,用词到位,句式优美,可用于阅读策略的训练。
本节课针对的是高二下学期的学生。他们已有一定词汇以及阅读策略方面的积累与训练,但在小组合作,交流探索方面仍有提升空间。因此,本节课首先让学生明白传奇故事是什么,激发他们的背景知识图式。而后以问题为引导,让学生猜测文中人物间的关系与结果,并通过阅读印证假设。有了输入,还要有输出。笔者在输出活动中让学生以小组为单位绘制思维导图, 目的是让每位学生都能理解故事,并且激发学生以思维导图,构建知识,复述故事。笔者在学生分组复述故事后,引领他们理解故事的基本结构:背景,发展,高潮,结尾(寓意)。至此,笔者已引导学生进行阅读的扫读、寻读,理解代词指代策略的训练。
教学过程描述:1. 教师与学生自由对话,在对话中导入交流与传奇话题。2. 让学生带着问题第一次读文本,初步了解人物、关系及情节。而后,小组合作回答细节问题,帮助学生进一步理解文本。3. 小组合作完成思维导图,并以组为单位复述故事。
以下是小组复述故事的重现:
T: This is a mind map describing the beginning of the story. Follow this and work with your peers to draw your mind maps. Each group is responsible for one paragraph.
...
S: First of all, this is an island they came to. Sedna found what the island had was grass and seaweeds and animal feathers. After the hunter put off his fur, Sedna found that the hunter isn’t a real man. He is a bird man. But Sedna has no choice.
T: Thank you very much! Group 2, please get ready!
S: The first picture is describing that Sedna is crying for help, because she found that her husband is a bird man. She never becomes used to the bird man and she cried for her father’s name. The second picture describes her father heard her calling and he begins to feel guilty. He says sorry for that. I will come to save you. He got into his canoe and paddled for days. This is the canoe. He is trying to save his daughter. His daughter was standing on a stone, and looking to find if her father will save her. And she very misses him. I am waiting for you. The last picture, her father picks up her daughter and they come home. This is a happy ending.
T: Thank you very much! Let’s invite group
Who’s your representative?
S: One day the bird man went out to catch his food. He caught some fishes back. When he came back to the island, he found that her wife has disappointed (disappeared). He then immediately went out in search of her. Then he found that his wife and his father began to escape from the island. The bird man is very angry, so he told his father to send Sedna back but he refused. So finally he was so angry that he flapped his wings and made huge waves. T: Then, what happened next? They were really scared, right? So are you ready to know the ending of this story? Let’s invite group 6. S: Sedna’s was so frightened that he forced Sedna to leave him. Sedna hanged onto the canoe so her father cut off her fingers. As the fingers sank to the bottom of the ocean, they became large sea animals. Sedna lifted up and became goddess of the sea. That’s the ending.
批判性阅读课的关键在于,基于文本理解基础上的交流探讨。因此,笔者在进行小组合作绘制思維导图前,先让学生带着问题,独立阅读,与文本互动,充分激发他们的背景知识图式,解读文本。绘制思维导图调动学生通过自己的方式,解构文本,再以此为基础向他人解读文本。这样可确认大部分学生对文本有基本的理解。
4. 总结与作业
课的最后,笔者布置了一个写作任务如下:
日常生活中,因为缺乏沟通,我们对父母可能有误解。请写一封信给父母,包含以下要点:(1)你误解父母的一件事情。(2)为什么会误解?(3)你希望获得父母的谅解。
因此,批判性阅读课不仅仅要调动学生与文本互动,与他人互动,形成自己的观点看法,还需要教师适时引导,让交流讨论往切合材料主题的方向走,这样,学生获得的输入才能更好地促进输出。
二、教学反思
笔者在本次批判阅读课中有许多收获,但也存在不足。阅读课应该关注阅读的过程,但不能忽视词汇的准备。在课前导入时应适当对故事中核心的词汇做一些梳理,并且在阅读后的反馈中反复复现词汇。所以,笔者认为,批判阅读课在材料的选择方面,应最大程度上降低学生信息沟,文中70-80%的单词应为大部分学生熟悉的词汇,或者在课前让学生预习词汇。
批判性阅读课关键在于互动与思考。笔者本次从文本的扫读寻读,到文本的解构再到文本的深层理解与探讨,能够调动一部分程度较为好的学生,但一些稍弱的学生在活动中的参与程度有限。所以,笔者反思,在难度较低的任务中,如一开始的寻找人物及关系任务,应多调动那部分稍弱的学生, 给他们思考输出的机会。
在任务完成的评价方面,笔者遵循言之成理的原则,只要学生有理有据,便予以鼓励,但是,笔者认为在鼓励学生积极思考方面,还可以多下工夫,亟待从形成性与综合性方面思考。
本次课的亮点在于以小组合作, 绘制思维导图的任务设计,体现了思维型和开放性,让学生积极思考,真正参与到课堂中。在未来批判阅读课的设计中,笔者认为有几点可以思考:1. 如何让学生真正参与到课堂中,激发学生的阅读兴趣。本篇传奇故事讲述人与人、人与自然的关系,这与学生的生活实际密切相关,但又耐人寻味。2. 活动与问题设置的层次性与科学性。本次课的活动与问题设置针对传奇故事这一主题展开,以文本理解为前提,层层递进,让学生有比较清楚明晰的认识。未来的研究方向可针对不同的文体开展探讨,如说明文,议论文等。
(作者单位:广东省翠园中学 518003)