研究表明,吸烟是牙周病的危险因素,能损害牙周愈合,并使种植体植入失败。吸烟也引起尼古丁性口炎或吸烟性黑变病,使牙龈和前牙区唇侧粘膜黑色素增加。吸烟性尼古厂病变通常是白色到灰色,有肉芽状或皱褶状表现。白色病变应随访观察4～6周,如病变未消退,尽管已停止吸烟,也应做活检。虽然轻度角化不良能在戒烟后消退,但如持续吸烟,可发展为严重的角化异常或癌。 Studies have shown that smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease, can damage periodontal healing, and implants implants. Smoking also causes nicotine stomatitis or smoking melanosis, which increases the mucosal melanin in the gums and anterior teeth. Smoking Nicotinic lesions are usually white to gray, granuliform or folds-like performance. White lesions should be followed up for 4 to 6 weeks, such as the disease has not subsided, although has stopped smoking, but also biopsy should be done. Although mild dyskeratosis can subside after quitting, persistent smoking may develop severe keratosis or cancer.