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理解黑格尔对康德的批判是我们通达黑格尔哲学的一条重要门径。但是,黑格尔的康德批判之目标并不仅仅在于要对康德的主观观念论以及由此产生的各种二元对立进行检讨,也不单单是要指出康德在知识论上的唯我论和道德哲学上的形式主义问题。更为重要之处在于,黑格尔敏锐地洞察到,正是以康德观念论为代表的主体性的反思哲学为启蒙的教化和现代意识形态提供了理性的根据。在耶拿时期的批判性论著《信仰与知识》中,黑格尔从分析启蒙的时代教化的基本特征入手,对作为启蒙教化之基础的康德哲学进行了整体性的考察。黑格尔指出,康德哲学通过理性的主观化来回应怀疑主义对理性的攻击,捍卫理性的实在性和普遍必然性,进而通过对理性自身的结构的分析来证明世界具有合乎理性的统一性。然而在康德那里,理性的统一性却是以各种对立的设置作为前提的,而启蒙的合理化进程则变成了形式合理性对实质合理性的取代。所以,在《信仰与知识》中黑格尔揭示出,康德哲学巩固了主体与客体、自由与自然、本体与现象之间的二元对立,而且试图以一种新的合理化模式将分裂的世界重新统一在主观理性当中,由此促成了现代虚无主义的诞生。只有理解了黑格尔关于启蒙教化内在悖论的洞见,我们才能真正把握黑格尔对康德批判的实质。
Understanding Hegel’s critique of Kant is an important part of our way of reaching Hegel’s philosophy. However, Hegel’s Kant’s critique aims not only to review Kant’s subjective conception of ideas and the various binary antagonisms it produces, nor to point out Kant’s mere solipsism in epistemology The Problem of Formalism in Moral Philosophy. What is more important is that Hegel is keenly aware that it is the subjective reflective philosophy represented by Kant’s notion of ideas that provides a rational basis for enlightenment and modern ideology. In the critical treatises “Beliefs and Knowledge” during the Jena period, Hegel started with the analysis of the basic features of enlightenment in times of education and conducted a holistic investigation of Kant philosophy, which is the basis of Enlightenment. Hegel points out that Kantian philosophy responds to skeptical attacks on reason through rational subjectivism, defends the real and universal necessity of reason, and then proves that the world has a reasonable unity through analyzing the structure of reason itself. However, in Kant, the unity of reason is based on the assumption of various opposite settings, while the process of rationalization of enlightenment becomes the replacement of substantive rationality by formal rationality. Therefore, in “Faith and Knowledge,” Hegel reveals that Kant philosophy consolidated the dual antagonism between subject and object, freedom and nature, and ontology and phenomena, and tried to use a new rationalization model to separate the divided world Reunified in the subjective rationality, thus contributing to the birth of modern nihilism. Only by understanding Hegel’s insight into the inherent paradox of enlightenment can we truly grasp the essence of Hegel’s critique of Kant.