目的 :了解重庆市城乡 9～ 16岁独生子女心理卫生情况。　方法 :采用 Achenbach儿童行为量表 (CBCL ) ,艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ )幼年版进行调查。　结果 :城市儿童心理卫生问题的发生率为 11.9% ,农村为 14.5 % ;城市儿童孤独、胆小、兴奋、焦虑、社交不良、品行不良、强迫行为、偏食等心理卫生问题明显高于农村儿童 ;农村儿童的注意障碍、神经质等多于城市儿童。　结论 :在干预独生子女心理卫生问题的同时 ,要注意城市与农村儿童的区别 ,以及性格特征的差异 Objective: To understand mental health status of only child aged 9 ~ 16 in Chongqing urban and rural areas. Methods: The Achenbach Children’s Behavior Scale (CBCL) and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPQ) were used for investigation. Results: The incidence of mental health problems in urban children was 11.9% and that in rural areas was 14.5%. The mental health problems of urban children such as loneliness, timidness, excitement, anxiety, social dysfunction, bad behavior, compulsive behavior and partial eclipse were significantly higher than those in rural areas. Rural children’s attention disorders, neuroticism and more than urban children. Conclusions: While intervening with the only child mental health problems, we should pay attention to the differences between urban and rural children and the differences in personality traits