论文部分内容阅读
A random sampling of the world’s most successful people will show one common trait: a love of reading. Reading is the easiest way to continue the learning process, increase empathy, boost creativity, and even just unwind from a long day. But books can also change the way we think and live.
So there’s the why of reading, but what about the how? Too often we get through a book, flip the last page, sit back, and think, “What the hell did I just read?” Reading and being able to use what you’ve read are completely different things.
Understanding how to get the most out of your time reading starts with understanding why we remember things at all, and then figuring out the best way to use that information.
The basics of memory
Without purpose and intention, the ideas sparked while reading easily slip away. Learning to hold onto them means understanding how our memory works. For the purposes of reading retention, we can think of our memory as being basically made up of three components: Impression. Association. Repetition.
Read to be impressed (and to impress others)
When you’re impressed by something, there’s a much higher probability that you’ll remember it. This could mean a phrase or quote that catches you off guard or changes the way you think about a certain topic. Or an interesting fact that you’ll want to teach someone later on.
Just like a teacher is able to master a subject because they know they’ll be teaching it later on, attacking a book with the same level of purpose means you’ll be able to recall information a lot quicker.
Having a clear question in mind or a topic you’re focusing on can make all the difference in helping you to remember and recall information. While this can be as easy as defining a subject to look into beforehand, if time is no object here’s how to effectively “hack” your brain into being impressed with the subject matter:
Before reading
Ruin the ending. Read reviews and summaries of the work. You’re trying to learn why something happened, so the what is secondary. Frame your reading with knowledge around the subject and perspective of what’s being said and how it relates to the larger topic.
During reading
As you read, have a specific purpose in mind and stick to it. Don’t let your mind be the river that sweeps your thoughts away as you read. Be a ruthless notetaker. Your librarian might kill you for this, but using a technique such as marginalia (writing notes in the margin and marking up key patterns for follow-ups), will make you a more active reader and help lock information in your memory. 阅读前
剧透结局。阅读这本书的评论和概要。你要弄清的是事情发生的原因,所以事情本身是次要的。利用相关背景知识、书中内容的视角及其与更大主题的联系,来构建你的阅读框架。
阅读中
阅读时,心中要有一个明确的目标并坚持下去。不要让心思像河流一样任意流淌,冲走了你的想法。要勤于记笔记。这可能会让图书管理员痛恨,但是使用一种技巧,如旁注(在页边空白处记笔记,画上标记符号便于后续跟进),会使你成为一个更积极的读者,并帮助你牢牢记住信息。
阅读后
深入研究材料。对于想要回忆或运用的主要观点,写下总结或分析,研究相关论题、论点,留意它们与阅读内容之间的联系,然后向别人介绍、与人讨论或写下自己的最终想法。
与已有知识建立联系
联系像放置新想法、事实或数字的挂钩。知道挂钩的位置,找到挂在上面的东西就会轻松得多。阅读中读到新观点和想法时,你会希望将其和熟悉的记忆联系起来,从而在新旧之间建立联系。在脑海中建立联系有很多方式,比如将新想法与熟悉的物体配对,或创建首字母缩略词。
重复、重读和重新研究
影响记忆的最后一个因素,也是影响长期记忆最重要的因素,就是重复。如果不重读或者不重新研究读过的材料,记住并在实际中运用这些知识的机率非常低。
这并不一定要求你把书本通读好几遍(尽管这确实有帮助),而是说,对于那些你之后想重读的关键内容,你需要用方法去记录并整理笔记。
最聪明的人如何阅读
带意图阅读是记忆三要素的集中表现,就是说,你眼前有明确的目标(印象),想将阅讀的内容与其他信息相关联(联系),而且你会一次又一次投入精力阅读(重复)。
下面是一些最博学、最成功的人组织思想并从阅读中获得最大收获的方法:
瑞安·霍利迪——作家、营销商
瑞安使用的方法是从他的导师罗伯特·格林那里学来的。
以下是方法介绍:
阅读时,在书页空白处写下详细笔记,然后把记有笔记的书页底角都折起来。
一两个星期后,重新翻阅,将仍有印象的笔记抄写在4×6英寸大小的卡片上。
每张卡片的右上角都标明分类或主题(或者也可以使用贴有不同色标的卡片)。
将卡片分类整理(如果正在写书,可以按章节整理)。这样就可以随意移动卡片,并将随机的想法联系起来(这是创造力的基础)。
玛丽亚·波波娃——作家、Brainpickings.org网站创始人
玛丽亚自己创建书籍索引来快速浏览书中内容,并将其与自己的写作内容相联系。以下是她的方法:
阅读时,标记有趣的段落或引语(在书页空白处做笔记)。
在书的背面(或正面)建一个索引,列出有标记的所有页面,并对笔记进行分类(可以用C表示创造力,甚至可以用新书的标题)。
奥斯汀·克利昂——艺术家、作家
艺术家兼作家奥斯汀·克利昂用思维导图的方式记笔记,因为大脑对视觉信息反应更敏锐。以下是他的解释:
“我试图在纸上构建一个二维记忆宫殿。以非线性的方式记笔记,在空间排列图像和文字,由此我可以看到仅用文字按序记录而无法呈现的联系。”
乔希·考夫曼——畅销书《在家就能读MBA》的作者
乔希的方法虽然不像其他方法那样复杂、有趣,但他的“麦克道尔网格”是个好方法,能将新想法与你自己的观点和构思联系起来。麦克道尔网格的方法如下:
创建一个简单的两列网格。
一列写下印象深刻的事实、观点或引语。
另一列写下自己的反应和想法。
就是这样!这个方法能让你之后翻阅读书笔记时,回归到初次阅读时的心境。
阅读是生活的一大乐趣。阅读能让我们从日常生活的忙碌中放松下来,而带意图阅读能使我们提高技能,借鉴他人的生活。 □
(译者为“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛获奖者)
So there’s the why of reading, but what about the how? Too often we get through a book, flip the last page, sit back, and think, “What the hell did I just read?” Reading and being able to use what you’ve read are completely different things.
Understanding how to get the most out of your time reading starts with understanding why we remember things at all, and then figuring out the best way to use that information.
The basics of memory
Without purpose and intention, the ideas sparked while reading easily slip away. Learning to hold onto them means understanding how our memory works. For the purposes of reading retention, we can think of our memory as being basically made up of three components: Impression. Association. Repetition.
Read to be impressed (and to impress others)
When you’re impressed by something, there’s a much higher probability that you’ll remember it. This could mean a phrase or quote that catches you off guard or changes the way you think about a certain topic. Or an interesting fact that you’ll want to teach someone later on.
Just like a teacher is able to master a subject because they know they’ll be teaching it later on, attacking a book with the same level of purpose means you’ll be able to recall information a lot quicker.
Having a clear question in mind or a topic you’re focusing on can make all the difference in helping you to remember and recall information. While this can be as easy as defining a subject to look into beforehand, if time is no object here’s how to effectively “hack” your brain into being impressed with the subject matter:
Before reading
Ruin the ending. Read reviews and summaries of the work. You’re trying to learn why something happened, so the what is secondary. Frame your reading with knowledge around the subject and perspective of what’s being said and how it relates to the larger topic.
During reading
As you read, have a specific purpose in mind and stick to it. Don’t let your mind be the river that sweeps your thoughts away as you read. Be a ruthless notetaker. Your librarian might kill you for this, but using a technique such as marginalia (writing notes in the margin and marking up key patterns for follow-ups), will make you a more active reader and help lock information in your memory. 阅读前
剧透结局。阅读这本书的评论和概要。你要弄清的是事情发生的原因,所以事情本身是次要的。利用相关背景知识、书中内容的视角及其与更大主题的联系,来构建你的阅读框架。
阅读中
阅读时,心中要有一个明确的目标并坚持下去。不要让心思像河流一样任意流淌,冲走了你的想法。要勤于记笔记。这可能会让图书管理员痛恨,但是使用一种技巧,如旁注(在页边空白处记笔记,画上标记符号便于后续跟进),会使你成为一个更积极的读者,并帮助你牢牢记住信息。
阅读后
深入研究材料。对于想要回忆或运用的主要观点,写下总结或分析,研究相关论题、论点,留意它们与阅读内容之间的联系,然后向别人介绍、与人讨论或写下自己的最终想法。
与已有知识建立联系
联系像放置新想法、事实或数字的挂钩。知道挂钩的位置,找到挂在上面的东西就会轻松得多。阅读中读到新观点和想法时,你会希望将其和熟悉的记忆联系起来,从而在新旧之间建立联系。在脑海中建立联系有很多方式,比如将新想法与熟悉的物体配对,或创建首字母缩略词。
重复、重读和重新研究
影响记忆的最后一个因素,也是影响长期记忆最重要的因素,就是重复。如果不重读或者不重新研究读过的材料,记住并在实际中运用这些知识的机率非常低。
这并不一定要求你把书本通读好几遍(尽管这确实有帮助),而是说,对于那些你之后想重读的关键内容,你需要用方法去记录并整理笔记。
最聪明的人如何阅读
带意图阅读是记忆三要素的集中表现,就是说,你眼前有明确的目标(印象),想将阅讀的内容与其他信息相关联(联系),而且你会一次又一次投入精力阅读(重复)。
下面是一些最博学、最成功的人组织思想并从阅读中获得最大收获的方法:
瑞安·霍利迪——作家、营销商
瑞安使用的方法是从他的导师罗伯特·格林那里学来的。
以下是方法介绍:
阅读时,在书页空白处写下详细笔记,然后把记有笔记的书页底角都折起来。
一两个星期后,重新翻阅,将仍有印象的笔记抄写在4×6英寸大小的卡片上。
每张卡片的右上角都标明分类或主题(或者也可以使用贴有不同色标的卡片)。
将卡片分类整理(如果正在写书,可以按章节整理)。这样就可以随意移动卡片,并将随机的想法联系起来(这是创造力的基础)。
玛丽亚·波波娃——作家、Brainpickings.org网站创始人
玛丽亚自己创建书籍索引来快速浏览书中内容,并将其与自己的写作内容相联系。以下是她的方法:
阅读时,标记有趣的段落或引语(在书页空白处做笔记)。
在书的背面(或正面)建一个索引,列出有标记的所有页面,并对笔记进行分类(可以用C表示创造力,甚至可以用新书的标题)。
奥斯汀·克利昂——艺术家、作家
艺术家兼作家奥斯汀·克利昂用思维导图的方式记笔记,因为大脑对视觉信息反应更敏锐。以下是他的解释:
“我试图在纸上构建一个二维记忆宫殿。以非线性的方式记笔记,在空间排列图像和文字,由此我可以看到仅用文字按序记录而无法呈现的联系。”
乔希·考夫曼——畅销书《在家就能读MBA》的作者
乔希的方法虽然不像其他方法那样复杂、有趣,但他的“麦克道尔网格”是个好方法,能将新想法与你自己的观点和构思联系起来。麦克道尔网格的方法如下:
创建一个简单的两列网格。
一列写下印象深刻的事实、观点或引语。
另一列写下自己的反应和想法。
就是这样!这个方法能让你之后翻阅读书笔记时,回归到初次阅读时的心境。
阅读是生活的一大乐趣。阅读能让我们从日常生活的忙碌中放松下来,而带意图阅读能使我们提高技能,借鉴他人的生活。 □
(译者为“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛获奖者)