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看下面三个例题:
1. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ______ at the end of last March. (2007山东)
A. has been launched B. having been launched
C. being launched D. to be launched
2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day. (2007重庆)
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
3. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ______ Chinese in the school, most _____ from Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them
C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
以上三个题的答案分别是B、B、C,所考查的都是独立主格结构。
其实我们不必把独立主格结构看得过于复杂,无非就是一个主格(名词、代词等)加上非谓语形式。实际上我们没有使用谓语动词本身就取消了这个结构独立存在的可能性,使它只能依附句子的主体部分而不能够单独存在。这样我们就有了独立主格结构这么一个概念。这里的这个主格也只是作为非谓语动词短语的一个逻辑主语而存在。这个主格的存在是必要的,如果没有这个主格结构,非谓语动词则为一个垂悬结构而失去依靠,这在英语中是绝对不容许的。
其实,我们如果从动词入手,问题更容易解决,甚至根本不必引入独立主格结构这一概念。我们知道谓语动词是一个分句的核心和灵魂,一个分句有且只有一个谓语部分(有并列除外),这实际上也是我们解决英语中很多结构问题的关键所在。
我们以第1题为例,has already sent up这一部分应该是句子的谓语部分,由于这个句子的两部分中间是由逗号隔开的,故而前后仍然属于一个句子,因此逗号后边不能出现谓语动词,我们可以首先排除答案A。而C、D项属表意方面的问题,C项表示正在被发射,D项表示将被发射,与整个句子的意思不吻合,答案B则是完成、被动两方面的含义都有,符合整个句子的表意需要。在这个例子当中,我们用the most recent和现在分词短语having been launched构成独立主格结构,主格和分词短语也只有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也构不成句子。
另外,以上三个例子可以作如下转化:
第1题题干可以转化为:
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, and the most recent has been launched at the end of last March.
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts; the most recent has been launched at the end of last March.
第2题题干可以转化为:
The children went home from the grammar school, and their lessons were finished for the day.
The children went home from the grammar school; their lessons were finished for the day.
第3题题干可以转化为:
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany.
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, and most of them were from Germany.
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school; most of them were from Germany.
编辑/梁宇清
1. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ______ at the end of last March. (2007山东)
A. has been launched B. having been launched
C. being launched D. to be launched
2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day. (2007重庆)
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
3. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ______ Chinese in the school, most _____ from Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them
C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
以上三个题的答案分别是B、B、C,所考查的都是独立主格结构。
其实我们不必把独立主格结构看得过于复杂,无非就是一个主格(名词、代词等)加上非谓语形式。实际上我们没有使用谓语动词本身就取消了这个结构独立存在的可能性,使它只能依附句子的主体部分而不能够单独存在。这样我们就有了独立主格结构这么一个概念。这里的这个主格也只是作为非谓语动词短语的一个逻辑主语而存在。这个主格的存在是必要的,如果没有这个主格结构,非谓语动词则为一个垂悬结构而失去依靠,这在英语中是绝对不容许的。
其实,我们如果从动词入手,问题更容易解决,甚至根本不必引入独立主格结构这一概念。我们知道谓语动词是一个分句的核心和灵魂,一个分句有且只有一个谓语部分(有并列除外),这实际上也是我们解决英语中很多结构问题的关键所在。
我们以第1题为例,has already sent up这一部分应该是句子的谓语部分,由于这个句子的两部分中间是由逗号隔开的,故而前后仍然属于一个句子,因此逗号后边不能出现谓语动词,我们可以首先排除答案A。而C、D项属表意方面的问题,C项表示正在被发射,D项表示将被发射,与整个句子的意思不吻合,答案B则是完成、被动两方面的含义都有,符合整个句子的表意需要。在这个例子当中,我们用the most recent和现在分词短语having been launched构成独立主格结构,主格和分词短语也只有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也构不成句子。
另外,以上三个例子可以作如下转化:
第1题题干可以转化为:
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, and the most recent has been launched at the end of last March.
The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts; the most recent has been launched at the end of last March.
第2题题干可以转化为:
The children went home from the grammar school, and their lessons were finished for the day.
The children went home from the grammar school; their lessons were finished for the day.
第3题题干可以转化为:
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany.
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, and most of them were from Germany.
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school; most of them were from Germany.
编辑/梁宇清