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随着英语中考命题的不断创新,单选题的命制更加贴近学生的生活实际,凸显出试题题干设计的情境化和生活化,在较真实的语境中对考生的语言知识和语言运用能力进行考查,避免了单纯考查语言知识的情况,也增加了试题的灵活性和难度。本文试结合典型试题来“解密”中考单选题命题的常见手法及应试策略,以期帮助同学们决胜2010年中考。
一、增加插入语,干扰考生的正常思维
命题者有意在一个句子中增加插入语,造成原本紧密相连的句子成分的隔离,以此打破句子的平衡结构,进而影响考生的正常思维,甚至把考生引向“歧途”。
【典型试题】John plays football _________if not better than,David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
【简析】由于题干中插入了“if not better than”,从而影响了考生对句子整体结构的辨识。如果去掉插入语,原题变为“John plays football _________ ,David.”,难度自然降低。很显然,这是一个最基本的考查副词原级比较的问题,考生可顺利选出正确选项B。
【典型试题】The days we look forward to _________ at last.
A. comes B. to come C. came D. coming
【简析】本题很容易被误认为介词to的后面要接动名词(即动词-ing的形式)。实际上we look forward to是一个定语从句,介词to有其相应的宾语(被省略的that)。如果将这个从句去掉,就可以看出本题缺少一个谓语。故C项正确。
【应试策略】去掉插入语,还原试题的本来面目,题干就会变得简洁,从而使得解题变得简单起来。
二、省略句子成分,考查考生的理解能力
句子成分的省略也是提高试题难度的常见方法之一。通常是把语法结构中的标志词语和联系上下文语境的关键词省略。省略句造成句子结构的不完整、语意上的不连贯,使考生不易看清句子的完整结构,进而影响考生对句子结构的整体把握和对试题所提供的语言情景的正确理解。
【典型试题】—How long has this bookshop been in business?
— _________ 1982.
A. AfterB. InC. SinceD. From
【简析】将答语部分改为一个完整的句子:This bookshop has been in business _________ 1982. 在所给的选项中只有since能同现在完成时连用,故C项正确。
【典型试题】—Write to me when you get home.
— _________.
A. I must? B. I should C. I will D. I can
【简析】祈使句通常指未来的动作,其答语一般要用将来时。该句用了简略答语形式,把其补全应为:I will write to you when I get home.故C项正确。
【应试策略】对于这类试题,可根据语言结构和语境来补全省略的部分,使句子结构变得明朗化,这样,选出正确答案便是水到渠成的事了。
三、巧用追加限制,考查考生的答题策略
命题人常利用考生急于求成的答题心理,巧妙地把题目成立的限制条件放在后面,来考查考生的答题策略是否科学。这种方法常用在对话型的试题中,给那些急于求答的考生和不细心的考生设置了障碍。
【典型试题】—Do you remember _________ he came?
—Yes. He came by car.
A. whenB. whyC. ifD. how
【简析】这道题目的关键信息是he came by car,由此可推断,问题是“他怎么来的”,故选D项。如果匆忙作答或忽略 “He came by car.”这一关键信息句,就可能误选A项或B项。
【典型试题】Shirley _________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has writtenB. wroteC. had writtenD. was writing
【简析】考生容易受last year的误导,而错选B项。实际上这道题目的关键信息是后面的“but I don’t know whether she has finished it”,故正确答案为D项。
【应试策略】 要耐心读完题干和选项,找到制约试题的关键信息。
四、利用熟题翻新,考查考生的应变能力
思维定势是学习过程中形成的一种习惯性的思维倾向。它在语言学习中有积极的作用,但也会导致学生不去仔细分析问题,生搬硬套、教条地解题,造成失误。所以,命题者往往运用“熟题翻新”的手法来考查考生是否具有灵活运用所学知识去分析、解决问题的能力。
【典型试题】—Is _________ here?
—No,Simon and Daniel have asked for leave.
A. anybodyB. somebodyC. everybodyD. nobody
【简析】有些考生只死记语法规则,一看该题是个疑问句,不看答语,便选了anybody,并认为这题太简单了。实际上这是课堂上或其他一些场合中经常用到的交际用语,意思是“大家都到齐了吗?” 同学们在解题时一定要清楚:语法规则必须融入到语言情景之中,使其达到交际的目的,决不能孤立地使用。故正确答案应该是C项。
【典型试题】I agree with most of what you said,but I don’t agree with .
A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing
【简析】前半部分I agree with most of what you said已经把这句话的意思表达清楚了,所以后半部分应是一个部分否定句型,故选A项。如果不注意这一语境的特殊性,由于思维定势的作用,就可能误选B项。
【应试策略】认真分析语境,找出其命题点所在,进而正确解题。在解答这类题的过程中,千万不能因为思维定势而在熟题上“翻跟头”。
五、运用汉语“负迁移”,考查学生的语言素养
由于中西文化传统、风俗习惯的不同,特别是思维方式的差异,中西方在待人接物方面有不同的语言习惯。在考查日常交际用语的试题中,命题者常常据此设计一些汉语化的句子来迷惑考生。这就要求考生不但要有扎实的语言基础知识,更要了解英语国家的文化背景、风俗习惯,避免汉语化的英语。
【典型试题】—I think you should phone Millie and say sorry to her.
—OK. I’ll tell you everything as soon as I get there.
A. ring B. hand C. ride D. present
3. —Put _________ waste bag into the dustbin,please.
—It’s not _________ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.
A. a;theB. the;a C. /;a D. /;the
4._________ umbrella is _________ useful tool in raining days.
A. A;aB. An;a C. The;/D. A;an
5. —You are always full of _________. Can you tell me the secret?
—Doing enough morning exercises every day.
A. powerB. influenceC. energy D. force
6. —Shall we go out for a walk?
—Sorry. This is not the right _________ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.
A. moment B. place C. chanceD. space
7. —How about _________ English evening party?
—I should say it was great success.
A. a;aB. the;a C. a;/ D. the;/
8. —If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow,why not take _________?
—That’s a good idea.
A. eitherB. bothC. allD. any
9. —Three days’ time has been wasted!
—I can’t believe we did all that work for _________ .
A. everythingB. nothingC. anythingD. something
10. To know more about China Space Museum,you can use the Internet or go to the library,or _________.
A. neither B. someC. all D. both
11. “Some of the stickers belong to me,while the rest are _________,” the boy said.
A. him and herB. his and hers C. his and herD. him and hers
12. —There used to be lots of fish in the river near our school.
—Yes,but there are very _________ now.
A. lessB. littleC. fewD. fewer
13. It’s reported that the heavy snow have left about _________ people homeless in Hebei Province.
A. two thousandB. two-thousandsC. two thousands D. two thousands of
14. “You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder,_________ you won’t past the course,” the teacher said to the boy student.
A. andB. soC. orD. but
15. Mr Wang went to Shanghai _________ November,and come back home
the morning of December 2.
A. in;inB. in;onC. on;atD. by;from
16. —How long have you been like this,young man?
—_________ July 3rd,Monday.
A. FromB. Since C. AfterD. Before
17. I’m sorry to have to say this,_________ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. andB. so C. becauseD. but
18. “There at the door stands a boy about the same height _________,” Simon said to his best friend.
A. as he B. with meC. as mineD. with mine
19. Daniel is a careful driver,but he drives_________ of my friends.
A. more carefullyB. the most carefully
C. less carefully D. the least carefully
20. The number of audience in the cinema is _________ than we thought. There must be many tickets left.
A. much smaller B. much more C. much largerD. many more
21. Of all the films,I like this one _________. It’s not worth watching at all.
A. most B. bestC. worstD. least
22. —Look! The boy is running so fast!
—Hard to _________ he is only six years old this year.
A. know B. imagine C. realize D. find
23. I _________ the last bus and didn’t have enough money for taxi,so I had to walk home last night.
A. reached B. missed C. caughtD. lost
24. —_________ for the glass!
—It’s OK. I’m wearing my boots.
A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Give out
25. —Has Peter finished his homework today?
—Sorry,I don’t know. He _________ it this morning.
A. didB.has done C. was doing D. had done
26. —_________ you _________ them around Yancheng Technology Museum yet?
—Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have;shown B. Do;showC. Had;shownD. Did;show
27. —What’s the terrible noise?
—The neighbours _________ for a birthday party.
A. have preparedB. are preparingC. prepareD. will prepare
28. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
—Yes,I did. You know,Yao Ming,who is one of my heroes,_________ in the match.
A. is playingB. has playedC. was playing D. had played
29. —Did the book give the information you need?
—Yes. But _________ it,I had to read the whole book.
A. find B. finding C. found D. to find
30.—Excuse me. Is this the right way to Suguo Supermarket?
—Sorry,I am not sure. But it _________ be.
A. will B. mustC. canD. might
31._________ good news! Liu Xiang won a golden medal in the 11th National Games in October,2009.
A. What B. What a C. HowD. How a
32.—Hundreds of people in our country have died because of H1N1 Flu.
—_________
A. Sorry to hear that. B. What’s the matter with them?
C. Never mind.D. Are they all right?
33. —Daniel,feed the bird today,_________ ?
—But I fed it yesterday.
A. don’t youB. didn’t you C. won’t youD. haven’t you
34. It’s said that the _________ boy was last seen _________ near the little river.
A. missing;playing B. missed;playing C. missing;played D. missed;played
35. —You’ve left the light in your bedroom on.
—Oh,so I have. _________ and turn it off.
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I goD. I’m going
36. —Is Peter coming by bus?
—He should,but he _________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. canC. need D. may
37. It’s time for weather report,but I can hardly hear the TV set. Would you please_________?
A. turn it onB. turn it downC. turn it up D. turn it off
38. —Are you still busy,Millie?
—Yes,I _________ my work,and it won’t take long.
A. just finish B. am just finishing
C. have just finishedD. am just going to finish
39.—I hear Kate has gone to the Hainan Island for her holiday.
—Oh,how nice. Do you know when she _________?
A. was leaving B. had leftC. has left D. left
40.—What would you do if it _________ tomorrow?
—We have to carry it on,since we’ve got everything ready.
A. rainB. rains C. will rainD. is raining
参考答案
1—5 D A B B C6—10 A B B B D11—15 B C A C B16—20 B D C D A21—25 D B B A C26—30 A B C D D31—35 A A C A A36—40 D C D D B
一、增加插入语,干扰考生的正常思维
命题者有意在一个句子中增加插入语,造成原本紧密相连的句子成分的隔离,以此打破句子的平衡结构,进而影响考生的正常思维,甚至把考生引向“歧途”。
【典型试题】John plays football _________if not better than,David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
【简析】由于题干中插入了“if not better than”,从而影响了考生对句子整体结构的辨识。如果去掉插入语,原题变为“John plays football _________ ,David.”,难度自然降低。很显然,这是一个最基本的考查副词原级比较的问题,考生可顺利选出正确选项B。
【典型试题】The days we look forward to _________ at last.
A. comes B. to come C. came D. coming
【简析】本题很容易被误认为介词to的后面要接动名词(即动词-ing的形式)。实际上we look forward to是一个定语从句,介词to有其相应的宾语(被省略的that)。如果将这个从句去掉,就可以看出本题缺少一个谓语。故C项正确。
【应试策略】去掉插入语,还原试题的本来面目,题干就会变得简洁,从而使得解题变得简单起来。
二、省略句子成分,考查考生的理解能力
句子成分的省略也是提高试题难度的常见方法之一。通常是把语法结构中的标志词语和联系上下文语境的关键词省略。省略句造成句子结构的不完整、语意上的不连贯,使考生不易看清句子的完整结构,进而影响考生对句子结构的整体把握和对试题所提供的语言情景的正确理解。
【典型试题】—How long has this bookshop been in business?
— _________ 1982.
A. AfterB. InC. SinceD. From
【简析】将答语部分改为一个完整的句子:This bookshop has been in business _________ 1982. 在所给的选项中只有since能同现在完成时连用,故C项正确。
【典型试题】—Write to me when you get home.
— _________.
A. I must? B. I should C. I will D. I can
【简析】祈使句通常指未来的动作,其答语一般要用将来时。该句用了简略答语形式,把其补全应为:I will write to you when I get home.故C项正确。
【应试策略】对于这类试题,可根据语言结构和语境来补全省略的部分,使句子结构变得明朗化,这样,选出正确答案便是水到渠成的事了。
三、巧用追加限制,考查考生的答题策略
命题人常利用考生急于求成的答题心理,巧妙地把题目成立的限制条件放在后面,来考查考生的答题策略是否科学。这种方法常用在对话型的试题中,给那些急于求答的考生和不细心的考生设置了障碍。
【典型试题】—Do you remember _________ he came?
—Yes. He came by car.
A. whenB. whyC. ifD. how
【简析】这道题目的关键信息是he came by car,由此可推断,问题是“他怎么来的”,故选D项。如果匆忙作答或忽略 “He came by car.”这一关键信息句,就可能误选A项或B项。
【典型试题】Shirley _________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has writtenB. wroteC. had writtenD. was writing
【简析】考生容易受last year的误导,而错选B项。实际上这道题目的关键信息是后面的“but I don’t know whether she has finished it”,故正确答案为D项。
【应试策略】 要耐心读完题干和选项,找到制约试题的关键信息。
四、利用熟题翻新,考查考生的应变能力
思维定势是学习过程中形成的一种习惯性的思维倾向。它在语言学习中有积极的作用,但也会导致学生不去仔细分析问题,生搬硬套、教条地解题,造成失误。所以,命题者往往运用“熟题翻新”的手法来考查考生是否具有灵活运用所学知识去分析、解决问题的能力。
【典型试题】—Is _________ here?
—No,Simon and Daniel have asked for leave.
A. anybodyB. somebodyC. everybodyD. nobody
【简析】有些考生只死记语法规则,一看该题是个疑问句,不看答语,便选了anybody,并认为这题太简单了。实际上这是课堂上或其他一些场合中经常用到的交际用语,意思是“大家都到齐了吗?” 同学们在解题时一定要清楚:语法规则必须融入到语言情景之中,使其达到交际的目的,决不能孤立地使用。故正确答案应该是C项。
【典型试题】I agree with most of what you said,but I don’t agree with .
A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing
【简析】前半部分I agree with most of what you said已经把这句话的意思表达清楚了,所以后半部分应是一个部分否定句型,故选A项。如果不注意这一语境的特殊性,由于思维定势的作用,就可能误选B项。
【应试策略】认真分析语境,找出其命题点所在,进而正确解题。在解答这类题的过程中,千万不能因为思维定势而在熟题上“翻跟头”。
五、运用汉语“负迁移”,考查学生的语言素养
由于中西文化传统、风俗习惯的不同,特别是思维方式的差异,中西方在待人接物方面有不同的语言习惯。在考查日常交际用语的试题中,命题者常常据此设计一些汉语化的句子来迷惑考生。这就要求考生不但要有扎实的语言基础知识,更要了解英语国家的文化背景、风俗习惯,避免汉语化的英语。
【典型试题】—I think you should phone Millie and say sorry to her.
—OK. I’ll tell you everything as soon as I get there.
A. ring B. hand C. ride D. present
3. —Put _________ waste bag into the dustbin,please.
—It’s not _________ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.
A. a;theB. the;a C. /;a D. /;the
4._________ umbrella is _________ useful tool in raining days.
A. A;aB. An;a C. The;/D. A;an
5. —You are always full of _________. Can you tell me the secret?
—Doing enough morning exercises every day.
A. powerB. influenceC. energy D. force
6. —Shall we go out for a walk?
—Sorry. This is not the right _________ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.
A. moment B. place C. chanceD. space
7. —How about _________ English evening party?
—I should say it was great success.
A. a;aB. the;a C. a;/ D. the;/
8. —If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow,why not take _________?
—That’s a good idea.
A. eitherB. bothC. allD. any
9. —Three days’ time has been wasted!
—I can’t believe we did all that work for _________ .
A. everythingB. nothingC. anythingD. something
10. To know more about China Space Museum,you can use the Internet or go to the library,or _________.
A. neither B. someC. all D. both
11. “Some of the stickers belong to me,while the rest are _________,” the boy said.
A. him and herB. his and hers C. his and herD. him and hers
12. —There used to be lots of fish in the river near our school.
—Yes,but there are very _________ now.
A. lessB. littleC. fewD. fewer
13. It’s reported that the heavy snow have left about _________ people homeless in Hebei Province.
A. two thousandB. two-thousandsC. two thousands D. two thousands of
14. “You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder,_________ you won’t past the course,” the teacher said to the boy student.
A. andB. soC. orD. but
15. Mr Wang went to Shanghai _________ November,and come back home
the morning of December 2.
A. in;inB. in;onC. on;atD. by;from
16. —How long have you been like this,young man?
—_________ July 3rd,Monday.
A. FromB. Since C. AfterD. Before
17. I’m sorry to have to say this,_________ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. andB. so C. becauseD. but
18. “There at the door stands a boy about the same height _________,” Simon said to his best friend.
A. as he B. with meC. as mineD. with mine
19. Daniel is a careful driver,but he drives_________ of my friends.
A. more carefullyB. the most carefully
C. less carefully D. the least carefully
20. The number of audience in the cinema is _________ than we thought. There must be many tickets left.
A. much smaller B. much more C. much largerD. many more
21. Of all the films,I like this one _________. It’s not worth watching at all.
A. most B. bestC. worstD. least
22. —Look! The boy is running so fast!
—Hard to _________ he is only six years old this year.
A. know B. imagine C. realize D. find
23. I _________ the last bus and didn’t have enough money for taxi,so I had to walk home last night.
A. reached B. missed C. caughtD. lost
24. —_________ for the glass!
—It’s OK. I’m wearing my boots.
A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Give out
25. —Has Peter finished his homework today?
—Sorry,I don’t know. He _________ it this morning.
A. didB.has done C. was doing D. had done
26. —_________ you _________ them around Yancheng Technology Museum yet?
—Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have;shown B. Do;showC. Had;shownD. Did;show
27. —What’s the terrible noise?
—The neighbours _________ for a birthday party.
A. have preparedB. are preparingC. prepareD. will prepare
28. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
—Yes,I did. You know,Yao Ming,who is one of my heroes,_________ in the match.
A. is playingB. has playedC. was playing D. had played
29. —Did the book give the information you need?
—Yes. But _________ it,I had to read the whole book.
A. find B. finding C. found D. to find
30.—Excuse me. Is this the right way to Suguo Supermarket?
—Sorry,I am not sure. But it _________ be.
A. will B. mustC. canD. might
31._________ good news! Liu Xiang won a golden medal in the 11th National Games in October,2009.
A. What B. What a C. HowD. How a
32.—Hundreds of people in our country have died because of H1N1 Flu.
—_________
A. Sorry to hear that. B. What’s the matter with them?
C. Never mind.D. Are they all right?
33. —Daniel,feed the bird today,_________ ?
—But I fed it yesterday.
A. don’t youB. didn’t you C. won’t youD. haven’t you
34. It’s said that the _________ boy was last seen _________ near the little river.
A. missing;playing B. missed;playing C. missing;played D. missed;played
35. —You’ve left the light in your bedroom on.
—Oh,so I have. _________ and turn it off.
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I goD. I’m going
36. —Is Peter coming by bus?
—He should,but he _________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. canC. need D. may
37. It’s time for weather report,but I can hardly hear the TV set. Would you please_________?
A. turn it onB. turn it downC. turn it up D. turn it off
38. —Are you still busy,Millie?
—Yes,I _________ my work,and it won’t take long.
A. just finish B. am just finishing
C. have just finishedD. am just going to finish
39.—I hear Kate has gone to the Hainan Island for her holiday.
—Oh,how nice. Do you know when she _________?
A. was leaving B. had leftC. has left D. left
40.—What would you do if it _________ tomorrow?
—We have to carry it on,since we’ve got everything ready.
A. rainB. rains C. will rainD. is raining
参考答案
1—5 D A B B C6—10 A B B B D11—15 B C A C B16—20 B D C D A21—25 D B B A C26—30 A B C D D31—35 A A C A A36—40 D C D D B