如今,国有企业的三个“三分之一”(盈、平、亏各占三分之一)与民营、股份制企业的迅猛发展,已形成鲜明对照。为何经过长期训练的“正规军”竟胜不过新生的“杂牌军”?笔者认为公有制经济举步艰难的主要原因在于这种挂着“全民”或“国有”牌子的社会主义公有制经济恰好在实质上未能体现一个“公”。其表现为:(一)管理上的单一性没有体现“公”。过去,公有制经济在管理上很大程度受制于国家计划和主管部门的指令。放权之后和厂长经理负责制的推行,表面上 Today, the three “thirds” of state-owned enterprises (surplus, flat and deficit account for one-third of each) have been in stark contrast to the rapid development of private-owned and joint-stock enterprises. Why did the “regular army” after long-term training actually win the new “no-name army?” The author believes that the major reason why the public-owned economy has taken a difficult step is that the socialist public-owned economy with “all people” or “state-owned” Can reflect a “public.” The performance is: (a) the unity of management did not reflect the “public.” In the past, the management of the public-owned economy was largely governed by the orders of the national plan and the authorities. After decentralization and the implementation of the factory manager responsibility system, ostensibly