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摘要：众所周知，在经济危机的影响下，美国信用卡出现了严重的危机。美国的次贷危机蔓延到了其他国家和地区，对中国本土的信用卡产业带来了巨大冲击。为了使中国信用卡产业更好地发展，远离经济危机的影响，介绍了美国信用卡的市场形势，有利于中国信用卡的发展和建设性措施的提出。对于中国银行改革和发展现代风险措施策略至关重要。
关键词：经济危机；信用卡产业；美国；现代风险管理措施
中图分类号：F830文献标志码：A文章编号：1673-291X（2011）01-0068-02
一、Emergence and Development of Credit Card
1.Emergence of Credit Card
Credit cards originated in the United States in 1915.At that time，in order to increase sales，solicit business and convenience their customers，a number of shops and catering trade created a credit chip.Let’s look at the development of United Stated credit card.The first widely accepted plastic charge card was issued in 1958 by American Express.The first general — use credit card that allowed balances to be paid over time was the BankAmericard，issued in 1959.How did MasterCard appear? In 1966，a number of banks formed the Interbank Card Association.In1969，the Interbank Card Association bought the rights to use “Master Charge” from the California Bank Association (Lin Gongshi 45).It was renamed MasterCard in 1979.Bank of traditional manual operation simply could not support the comprehensive development of the credit card business.Until the 1960s，IBM computer launched into commercial market.Bank credit card industry was the first to jump the express train of information technology.Citibank is the one of the outstanding representatives.From the middle of the 1990s，the application of the Internet began to spread.Internet not only changed the relationship between the credit card companies and consumers，but also changed all aspects of the credit card system，including management concepts，business processes and operating methods.Thanks to the Internet’s fast speed，large capacity，and low cost，credit card system can be run on the Internet，particularly in the undeveloped countries and regions.What’s more，they can use the Internet to establish a new credit card system network.
2.Development of Credit Card
With the rapid development of credit cards in today’s world，developed and developing countries are popularizing the credit card.In 1960s，credit cards，not only in the United States，but in the United Kingdom，Japan，Canada and European countries，were also catching on.From the beginning of 1970s，numbers of developing countries and regions began to issue the credit card business.After several decades of development，it has become an important means of customer service in modern banking.And it has become a widely used method of payment.There are three aspects of conditions for credit card use and promotion.Firstly，people’s income and consumption levels are increasing.The important is the average income level of residents exceeding the level of the purchase of necessities.In this condition，the use of credit cards will become an inevitable choice for consumers.Secondly，urbanization process and the characteristics of modern city are significant.Thirdly，it has established a credit system （Lin Gongshi 6）.Certainly，it has provided favorable conditions for the development of large-scale consumer credit.
二、Characteristics of U.S.Credit Card Industry
Until the late 1950s，the banks began to have a credit card business.The first widely accepted plastic charge card was issued in 1958 by American Express.Subsequently，the entire banking sector fully entered the credit card age.In 1960s，the main problem of bank credit card business of expanding was how to develop a large cardholder base.At that time，the method was chosen for a large number of active credit cards by mail without application.Although it brought losses，it could not be denied that the number of cardholder did effectively increase.To our please，it achieved the original effect we had expected.In 1970，the growth of bank credit card business reached a new high without precedence.On the other hand，another problem hindering the development of bank cards was the lack of national network.In 1966，Bank of America took a step forward，issuing business license of US Silver and forming a national bank credit card system.The move prompted the other major banks and the composition of the second match with the national credit card system.Since then，the Bank Interbank and NBI formed the two national networks，basically solving the network obstacles of bank card development.The two systems developed into Master card system and VISA card system.After 1990s，VISA Card，Master Card and American Express Card covered almost all regions and industries.The U.S.credit card industry has good social，economic and cultural foundation.Scale，network，centralization and diversity coexist.And it is a fully market-oriented operating system.Government attaches importance to protecting the interests of consumers(Lin Gongshi 65).
三、Analysis of U.S.Credit Card
1.Comparison of Size
Since 2005，the number of credit cards in the U.S.is about 550 million，about 0.2 million in China.From the average overdraft balance of the credit card terms，in 2005，the average overdraft balance in the U.S.was 6056，6 million U.S.dollars，and only about 95 billion in China.That is，excluding the impact of card volume，the average overdraft balance of the United States is 182 times that of China.This shows that the size of China and the United States credit card is not the biggest difference in the issuance volume，but the average overdraft balance scale.
2.Comparison of Operating and Marketing Costs
Operating and marketing costs can be divided into changes in operating costs and fixed operating costs of marketing.Now Chinese banks have no marketing costs and fixed operating statistics，so we don’t know how much this part of the cost is in the end.It has very large gap with the United States.Although our operating and marketing costs at this stage is a major factor in credit card profits，the economies of scale of credit characteristics determine the costs are very large and difficult to lower early in the operation.Commercial bank can not be achieved by changing its credit card profits.To reduce the use and marketing costs on the profitability of credit card，the only way is to increase the size of the average overdraft balance.
四、How to Improve China’s Credit Risk Management
We should learn from the experience of the United States when combining our actual situation.We can construct Personal Credit System.A scientific credit hours model can be designed to predict the likelihood of consumers to repay loans.The model must be open and transparent.This will not only facilitate the public survey and validate their accuracy and fairness，but also regulate their own credit scoring model behavior.I t helps to develop a law-abiding and trustworthy behavior.
参考文献：
[1]http://www.chinavalue.net/Media/Article.aspx?ArticleId=54501&PageId=2.
[2]http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/credit-card-industry-facts-personal-debt-statistics-1276.php Card ownership.
[3]付贵，王玲.信用卡实务大全[M].北京:知识出版社，1993.
[4]侯放.信用证信用卡犯罪问题研究[M].北京:法律出版社，2005.
[5]林功实，林健武.信用卡[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2006.
[6]卢林.美国信用卡业的两大体系结构与市场竞争动力[M].上海:上海远东出版社，2002.
[7]马春峰.商业银行信用卡业务运作[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社，1998.
[8]穆文全，周宏亮.信用卡风险管理[M].北京:中国金融出版社，2002.
[9]吴洪涛.商业银行信用卡业务[M].北京:中国金融出版社，2003.
[10]赵晓光.信用卡实务问答[M].北京:机械工业出版社，1994.
Development of China Credit Card Industry through U.S.Credit Crisis
GAO Miao-yong
（Foreign Languages School of Jimei University，Xiamen361021，China）
Abstract:As is known to all，under the influence of the economic crisis，U.S.credit card showed a serious crisis.The U.S.subprime mortgage crisis spread to other countries and regions.It has had a great impact on our local credit card industry.In order to provide some enlightenments for China credit card industry，as well as help it out of the crisis，this thesis introduces the situation of US credit market，from which we can explore the development of our country’s credit situation and propose preventive measures.It is important for China banking to develop modern risk measurement models and methods.
Key words:economic crisis；credit card industry；America；modern risk management measures and methods
[责任编辑 陈丽敏]
关键词：经济危机；信用卡产业；美国；现代风险管理措施
中图分类号：F830文献标志码：A文章编号：1673-291X（2011）01-0068-02
一、Emergence and Development of Credit Card
1.Emergence of Credit Card
Credit cards originated in the United States in 1915.At that time，in order to increase sales，solicit business and convenience their customers，a number of shops and catering trade created a credit chip.Let’s look at the development of United Stated credit card.The first widely accepted plastic charge card was issued in 1958 by American Express.The first general — use credit card that allowed balances to be paid over time was the BankAmericard，issued in 1959.How did MasterCard appear? In 1966，a number of banks formed the Interbank Card Association.In1969，the Interbank Card Association bought the rights to use “Master Charge” from the California Bank Association (Lin Gongshi 45).It was renamed MasterCard in 1979.Bank of traditional manual operation simply could not support the comprehensive development of the credit card business.Until the 1960s，IBM computer launched into commercial market.Bank credit card industry was the first to jump the express train of information technology.Citibank is the one of the outstanding representatives.From the middle of the 1990s，the application of the Internet began to spread.Internet not only changed the relationship between the credit card companies and consumers，but also changed all aspects of the credit card system，including management concepts，business processes and operating methods.Thanks to the Internet’s fast speed，large capacity，and low cost，credit card system can be run on the Internet，particularly in the undeveloped countries and regions.What’s more，they can use the Internet to establish a new credit card system network.
2.Development of Credit Card
With the rapid development of credit cards in today’s world，developed and developing countries are popularizing the credit card.In 1960s，credit cards，not only in the United States，but in the United Kingdom，Japan，Canada and European countries，were also catching on.From the beginning of 1970s，numbers of developing countries and regions began to issue the credit card business.After several decades of development，it has become an important means of customer service in modern banking.And it has become a widely used method of payment.There are three aspects of conditions for credit card use and promotion.Firstly，people’s income and consumption levels are increasing.The important is the average income level of residents exceeding the level of the purchase of necessities.In this condition，the use of credit cards will become an inevitable choice for consumers.Secondly，urbanization process and the characteristics of modern city are significant.Thirdly，it has established a credit system （Lin Gongshi 6）.Certainly，it has provided favorable conditions for the development of large-scale consumer credit.
二、Characteristics of U.S.Credit Card Industry
Until the late 1950s，the banks began to have a credit card business.The first widely accepted plastic charge card was issued in 1958 by American Express.Subsequently，the entire banking sector fully entered the credit card age.In 1960s，the main problem of bank credit card business of expanding was how to develop a large cardholder base.At that time，the method was chosen for a large number of active credit cards by mail without application.Although it brought losses，it could not be denied that the number of cardholder did effectively increase.To our please，it achieved the original effect we had expected.In 1970，the growth of bank credit card business reached a new high without precedence.On the other hand，another problem hindering the development of bank cards was the lack of national network.In 1966，Bank of America took a step forward，issuing business license of US Silver and forming a national bank credit card system.The move prompted the other major banks and the composition of the second match with the national credit card system.Since then，the Bank Interbank and NBI formed the two national networks，basically solving the network obstacles of bank card development.The two systems developed into Master card system and VISA card system.After 1990s，VISA Card，Master Card and American Express Card covered almost all regions and industries.The U.S.credit card industry has good social，economic and cultural foundation.Scale，network，centralization and diversity coexist.And it is a fully market-oriented operating system.Government attaches importance to protecting the interests of consumers(Lin Gongshi 65).
三、Analysis of U.S.Credit Card
1.Comparison of Size
Since 2005，the number of credit cards in the U.S.is about 550 million，about 0.2 million in China.From the average overdraft balance of the credit card terms，in 2005，the average overdraft balance in the U.S.was 6056，6 million U.S.dollars，and only about 95 billion in China.That is，excluding the impact of card volume，the average overdraft balance of the United States is 182 times that of China.This shows that the size of China and the United States credit card is not the biggest difference in the issuance volume，but the average overdraft balance scale.
2.Comparison of Operating and Marketing Costs
Operating and marketing costs can be divided into changes in operating costs and fixed operating costs of marketing.Now Chinese banks have no marketing costs and fixed operating statistics，so we don’t know how much this part of the cost is in the end.It has very large gap with the United States.Although our operating and marketing costs at this stage is a major factor in credit card profits，the economies of scale of credit characteristics determine the costs are very large and difficult to lower early in the operation.Commercial bank can not be achieved by changing its credit card profits.To reduce the use and marketing costs on the profitability of credit card，the only way is to increase the size of the average overdraft balance.
四、How to Improve China’s Credit Risk Management
We should learn from the experience of the United States when combining our actual situation.We can construct Personal Credit System.A scientific credit hours model can be designed to predict the likelihood of consumers to repay loans.The model must be open and transparent.This will not only facilitate the public survey and validate their accuracy and fairness，but also regulate their own credit scoring model behavior.I t helps to develop a law-abiding and trustworthy behavior.
参考文献：
[1]http://www.chinavalue.net/Media/Article.aspx?ArticleId=54501&PageId=2.
[2]http://www.creditcards.com/credit-card-news/credit-card-industry-facts-personal-debt-statistics-1276.php Card ownership.
[3]付贵，王玲.信用卡实务大全[M].北京:知识出版社，1993.
[4]侯放.信用证信用卡犯罪问题研究[M].北京:法律出版社，2005.
[5]林功实，林健武.信用卡[M].北京:清华大学出版社，2006.
[6]卢林.美国信用卡业的两大体系结构与市场竞争动力[M].上海:上海远东出版社，2002.
[7]马春峰.商业银行信用卡业务运作[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社，1998.
[8]穆文全，周宏亮.信用卡风险管理[M].北京:中国金融出版社，2002.
[9]吴洪涛.商业银行信用卡业务[M].北京:中国金融出版社，2003.
[10]赵晓光.信用卡实务问答[M].北京:机械工业出版社，1994.
Development of China Credit Card Industry through U.S.Credit Crisis
GAO Miao-yong
（Foreign Languages School of Jimei University，Xiamen361021，China）
Abstract:As is known to all，under the influence of the economic crisis，U.S.credit card showed a serious crisis.The U.S.subprime mortgage crisis spread to other countries and regions.It has had a great impact on our local credit card industry.In order to provide some enlightenments for China credit card industry，as well as help it out of the crisis，this thesis introduces the situation of US credit market，from which we can explore the development of our country’s credit situation and propose preventive measures.It is important for China banking to develop modern risk measurement models and methods.
Key words:economic crisis；credit card industry；America；modern risk management measures and methods
[责任编辑 陈丽敏]