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目的黏膜系统是引起传染性疾病的病原微生物进入人体的主要渠道,而通过黏膜途径免疫的疫苗能够在病原体入侵的最初阶段产生免疫保护作用,更加经济有效。笔者对黏膜疫苗的研究现状与进展进行综述。方法检索CNKI,Pubmed数据库文章中以“黏膜疫苗,黏膜佐剂,黏膜微粒递送载体”或“mucosal vaccine,mucosal adjuvant,mucosal particulate delivery vectors”为检索词进行检索。结果灭活或减毒黏膜疫苗以及一些新型疫苗如亚单位疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗、病毒小体疫苗等已有批准上市的疫苗品种,相关研究工作还在不断进行。目前许多研究都在探寻黏膜疫苗中安全有效的佐剂和疫苗递送载体,它们能够以不同作用机制加强黏膜疫苗诱发产生的免疫保护作用。微粒递送载体的组成、大小、表面化学性质及其连接的功能配基对它作为递送载体都有着至关重要的影响,几种微粒递送载体目前取得了很大的研究进展。结论虽然黏膜疫苗的研究与开发还面临着众多的困难与挑战,黏膜疫苗相关研究工作的进展,将给黏膜疫苗的开发带来新的发展机遇。
Objective The mucosal system is the main channel for pathogenic microorganisms causing infectious diseases to enter the human body. The vaccine immunized by the mucosal route can be more immune and effective in the initial phase of pathogen invasion. The author reviews the research status and progress of mucosal vaccine. Methods CNKI and Pubmed database were searched for the term “mucosal vaccine, mucosal adjuvant, mucosal microparticle delivery carrier” or “mucosal vaccine, mucosal adjuvant, mucosal particulate delivery vectors”. Results Inactivated or attenuated mucosal vaccine as well as some new vaccines such as subunit vaccine, virus-like particle vaccine, virus body vaccine have been approved for listing of vaccine species, the relevant research work continues. At present, many studies are exploring safe and effective adjuvants and vaccine delivery vectors in mucosal vaccines, which can enhance the immunoprotection induced by mucosal vaccines with different mechanisms of action. The composition, size, surface chemistry, and functional ligands attached to the microparticle delivery vehicle play a crucial role in the delivery of the microparticle delivery vehicle. Several types of microparticle delivery vehicles have made great progress so far. Conclusion Although mucosal vaccine research and development are still faced with many difficulties and challenges, mucosal vaccine-related research work will bring new opportunities for the development of mucosal vaccine.