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现在分词是非谓语动词的一种,它可以做定语、宾语补足语和状语,本文不做长篇大论,只跟同学们谈谈其中的现在分词作状语。
一、现在分词作状语可以与状语从句之间互相转化
现在分词作状语,句子的主语一般就是其逻辑主语,表示时间、条件、原因等,通常放在句首,中间用逗号与主句隔开,可转化为if, unless, when, while, after, as, since, because等引导的状语从句;表示伴随情况、结果时通常放在句末,可转化为并列句;表示方式、让步时,可前可后,并可以转化为as if, though, although等引导的状语从句。
Being tired, I stopped to take a rest. (= Because I was tired, I stopped to take a rest.) 因为疲倦,我停下来休息。(表示原因)
Turning to the left, you will find the school. (= If you turn to the left, you will find the school.) 向左转,你就会找到那所学校。(表示条件)
I stood there, waiting for her. (=I stood there and waited for her.) 我站在那儿等她。(表示伴随)
Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. (= Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.) 尽管他知道我的住处,但从没来看过我。(表示让步)
二、如何判断该用什么非谓语形式
判断用什么形式的非谓语动词,关键是看该动词与其逻辑主语的对应关系。如果是主谓(主动)关系或者表示正在进行的动作,就用现在分词;如果是动宾(被动)关系,或者表示已经完成的动作,就用过去分词;如果表示动作还没有发生,就用不定式。试比较:
1. Misunderstandings arising from lack of social communication, unless handled properly,may lead to serious problems. 因缺少社会沟通而产生的误解,如果不妥善处理,很可能会导致严重的问题。
2. He has given us several telephone calls convincing us of his honesty and determination. 他给我们打了很多电话,让我们相信他的诚意和决心。
3. With some details to discuss, I can’t give you a definite answer now. 还有许多细节需要讨论,所以我现在不能给你确切的答复。
三、了解几种与现在分词有关的固定结构
1. 常见的有generally/frankly/strictly/roughly speaking, judging from/by等等。这些结构通常表示说话人的观点和看法,不用考虑现在分词和句子主语之间的逻辑关系。例如:
Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. 一般来说,越贵的相机,质量越好。
2. 下面两句中的supposing和considering虽然是分词形式却已经变成了连词,成了固定用法:
Supposing (that) they are right, would you put your money into shares of Chinese companies? 假如他们是正确的,你会拿自己的钱去购买中国企业的股票吗?
Considering that you are pretty safe,I feel relaxed. 考虑到你很安全,我感到很轻松。
3. 现在分词的独立结构(分词有自己独立的逻辑主语,通常用逗号与句子隔开。)
(1)【误】 The train had gone, we had to wait another day.
(2)【正】 The train having gone, we had to wait another day.
(3)【正】 Because the train had gone, we had to wait another day.
解析 1句错在,中间是逗号,故不可前后都是独立分句,改正的方法是像3句一样加上连词。另外,分词独立结构相当于原因状语从句,故2句可以和3句互相转换。再补充一例:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 易犯错误:把being写成was。
四、现在分词的易错点和考点
(一)使用现在分词,不要和并列句弄混了。
现在分词短语做状语时,它和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but, and),因为并列连词连接的是两个独立的分句,而现在分词短语只是全句的一个状语成分。所以,同学们要细心,不要搞混淆了。请比较:
【误】 Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
【正】 He had been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. 【正】 Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
(二)混淆现在分词和动名词,多了或少了being。
现在分词作状语是不能画蛇添足加上being的,但是,以下三种情形却要加上being:
(1)现在分词的被动结构作某些后面要带动词-ing形式的动词宾语时。
I really appreciate being given such a good opportunity. I won’t let you down. 我十分感激你给我这么好的机会,我不会让你失望的。
(2)介词后面的现在分词的被动结构作宾语时。
The famous film director lost his temper for being exposed to so many entertainment reporter and their questions about his private life. 这位著名的电影导演发脾气了,这是因为暴露在如此多的娱乐记者面前以及他们关于他私人生活的问题。
(3)现在分词的被动结构作主语时。
being caught in a heavy traffic jam while you are hurrying to the airport is quite an unpleasant experience. 赶往机场时,遭遇交通堵塞是很不快的经历。
Not being allowed to go hiking with her friends made Jane a little unhappy all day. 不准和朋友们一起去远足让Jane一整天都不太高兴。
(三)现在分词完成式的否定形式,not不要放错了位置。现在分词的否定式不管何种时态都是放在分词的前面,而不是后面。
Not having completed the programme, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks. 由于没有完成那项计划,他们不得不在那里再待2周。
1. Don’t be too hard on yourself. , what you have is the key to happiness. (content)
不要对自己太苛刻,满足于你所拥有的是幸福的关键。
2. Ever since her childhood, she has dreamed of to go abroad for further study. (there)
自从孩童时代她就梦想有机会出国深造。
3. The girl under the tall tree was seen all the afternoon. (sit)
有人看见大树下的那个女孩坐在那里读了一下午的书.
4. from her brothers since the age of seven, she made several attempts to get in touch with them but in vain.(separate)
她自从七岁就与兄弟们分开了,她多次尝试和他们取得联系但都没有结果。
5. He squeezed his eyes shut and shook his head, sadly, not . ( say)
他紧闭双眼,伤心地摇摇头,一句话也没说。
6. a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use)
不能用电脑使他做学术研究更困难。
1. Being content with
2. there being a chance
3. sitting there reading
4. Having been separated
5. saying a word
6. Not being able to use
一、现在分词作状语可以与状语从句之间互相转化
现在分词作状语,句子的主语一般就是其逻辑主语,表示时间、条件、原因等,通常放在句首,中间用逗号与主句隔开,可转化为if, unless, when, while, after, as, since, because等引导的状语从句;表示伴随情况、结果时通常放在句末,可转化为并列句;表示方式、让步时,可前可后,并可以转化为as if, though, although等引导的状语从句。
Being tired, I stopped to take a rest. (= Because I was tired, I stopped to take a rest.) 因为疲倦,我停下来休息。(表示原因)
Turning to the left, you will find the school. (= If you turn to the left, you will find the school.) 向左转,你就会找到那所学校。(表示条件)
I stood there, waiting for her. (=I stood there and waited for her.) 我站在那儿等她。(表示伴随)
Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. (= Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.) 尽管他知道我的住处,但从没来看过我。(表示让步)
二、如何判断该用什么非谓语形式
判断用什么形式的非谓语动词,关键是看该动词与其逻辑主语的对应关系。如果是主谓(主动)关系或者表示正在进行的动作,就用现在分词;如果是动宾(被动)关系,或者表示已经完成的动作,就用过去分词;如果表示动作还没有发生,就用不定式。试比较:
1. Misunderstandings arising from lack of social communication, unless handled properly,may lead to serious problems. 因缺少社会沟通而产生的误解,如果不妥善处理,很可能会导致严重的问题。
2. He has given us several telephone calls convincing us of his honesty and determination. 他给我们打了很多电话,让我们相信他的诚意和决心。
3. With some details to discuss, I can’t give you a definite answer now. 还有许多细节需要讨论,所以我现在不能给你确切的答复。
三、了解几种与现在分词有关的固定结构
1. 常见的有generally/frankly/strictly/roughly speaking, judging from/by等等。这些结构通常表示说话人的观点和看法,不用考虑现在分词和句子主语之间的逻辑关系。例如:
Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. 一般来说,越贵的相机,质量越好。
2. 下面两句中的supposing和considering虽然是分词形式却已经变成了连词,成了固定用法:
Supposing (that) they are right, would you put your money into shares of Chinese companies? 假如他们是正确的,你会拿自己的钱去购买中国企业的股票吗?
Considering that you are pretty safe,I feel relaxed. 考虑到你很安全,我感到很轻松。
3. 现在分词的独立结构(分词有自己独立的逻辑主语,通常用逗号与句子隔开。)
(1)【误】 The train had gone, we had to wait another day.
(2)【正】 The train having gone, we had to wait another day.
(3)【正】 Because the train had gone, we had to wait another day.
解析 1句错在,中间是逗号,故不可前后都是独立分句,改正的方法是像3句一样加上连词。另外,分词独立结构相当于原因状语从句,故2句可以和3句互相转换。再补充一例:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 易犯错误:把being写成was。
四、现在分词的易错点和考点
(一)使用现在分词,不要和并列句弄混了。
现在分词短语做状语时,它和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but, and),因为并列连词连接的是两个独立的分句,而现在分词短语只是全句的一个状语成分。所以,同学们要细心,不要搞混淆了。请比较:
【误】 Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
【正】 He had been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. 【正】 Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
(二)混淆现在分词和动名词,多了或少了being。
现在分词作状语是不能画蛇添足加上being的,但是,以下三种情形却要加上being:
(1)现在分词的被动结构作某些后面要带动词-ing形式的动词宾语时。
I really appreciate being given such a good opportunity. I won’t let you down. 我十分感激你给我这么好的机会,我不会让你失望的。
(2)介词后面的现在分词的被动结构作宾语时。
The famous film director lost his temper for being exposed to so many entertainment reporter and their questions about his private life. 这位著名的电影导演发脾气了,这是因为暴露在如此多的娱乐记者面前以及他们关于他私人生活的问题。
(3)现在分词的被动结构作主语时。
being caught in a heavy traffic jam while you are hurrying to the airport is quite an unpleasant experience. 赶往机场时,遭遇交通堵塞是很不快的经历。
Not being allowed to go hiking with her friends made Jane a little unhappy all day. 不准和朋友们一起去远足让Jane一整天都不太高兴。
(三)现在分词完成式的否定形式,not不要放错了位置。现在分词的否定式不管何种时态都是放在分词的前面,而不是后面。
Not having completed the programme, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks. 由于没有完成那项计划,他们不得不在那里再待2周。
1. Don’t be too hard on yourself. , what you have is the key to happiness. (content)
不要对自己太苛刻,满足于你所拥有的是幸福的关键。
2. Ever since her childhood, she has dreamed of to go abroad for further study. (there)
自从孩童时代她就梦想有机会出国深造。
3. The girl under the tall tree was seen all the afternoon. (sit)
有人看见大树下的那个女孩坐在那里读了一下午的书.
4. from her brothers since the age of seven, she made several attempts to get in touch with them but in vain.(separate)
她自从七岁就与兄弟们分开了,她多次尝试和他们取得联系但都没有结果。
5. He squeezed his eyes shut and shook his head, sadly, not . ( say)
他紧闭双眼,伤心地摇摇头,一句话也没说。
6. a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use)
不能用电脑使他做学术研究更困难。
1. Being content with
2. there being a chance
3. sitting there reading
4. Having been separated
5. saying a word
6. Not being able to use