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一、绪论英国势力到达东亚较伊比利亚半岛国家和荷兰为晚,但中英第一次鸦片战争对世界历史和中国命运的影响无远弗届。对这次冲突的研究也引发学界进行中英比较的兴趣:19世纪中叶的中英双方究竟各在什么样的条件下进入的世界历史?以往,费正清对“朝贡秩序”的研究曾经广有影响。他认为,中国原处于以朝贡体系为代表的世界秩序的中心,而英国通过第一次鸦片战争迫使中国加入具有现代属性和普遍意义的国际条约体系。~([1])
I. INTRODUCTION British forces arrived in East Asia later than the Iberian Peninsula and in the Netherlands. However, the first Sino-British Opium War had far-reaching impact on world history and China’s destiny. The study of this conflict also aroused the interest of scholars in the comparative study between China and Britain: the history of the world entered by both China and Britain in the mid-19th century under what conditions? In the past, Fei Zhengqing’s study of the “tribute order” Wide influence. In his opinion, China was at the center of a world order represented by the tributary system, while Britain, through the first Opium War, forced China to join an international treaty system of modern nature and universality. ~ ([1])