在历史上,为什么有些大国能保持经济持续增长和繁荣、实现崛起,而有些大国却在高速增长之后骤然衰落?奥尔森在《国家的兴衰》中回答了“何以衰”的问题,他提出:特殊利益集团为私利满足于寻租与分利拒绝创新与变革,损害了社会公益及效率,最终使国家由盛而衰。诺思和托马斯在《西方世界的兴起》中回答了“何以兴”的问题:一套 Historically, why some big powers can keep their economy growing and flourishing and realizing its rise while some great powers have suddenly declined after their rapid growth? In their “rise and fall of the country,” Olson answered the question of “why and how to fail” He proposed that special interest groups should be satisfied with rent-seeking and divide-benefit businesses for refusing to innovate and change for personal gain, impair social welfare and efficiency, and eventually make the country fall from prosperity. North and Thomas in the “rise of the Western world” to answer the question of “why Xing”: a