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非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象,它在英语中的作用仅次于动词的时态。非谓语动词的特点是,它在句中不作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但它可以作其他句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。该知识的学习难点是它的动词特点,即有自己的宾语、状语以及时态和语态的形式变化。非谓语动词是高中语法学习的难点和重点,是同学们必须具备的语法知识,同时也是高考英语考查的热点和失分点。
一、语法解析
为了方便同学们记忆,笔者将不定式、分词、动名词的形式编成口诀,帮助大家形成整体概念。非谓语动词口诀:
“非谓”形式123, 过去分词最简单;
现在分词、动名词,两种形式记心间;
不定式形式有三种,“完成”“进行”和“一般”。
这些形式是依靠非谓语动词的性质来决定的。
性质一:所有非谓语动词都保持动词原有的一些性质,即有时态变化。及物动词有语态变化,可以带宾语。不及物动词和及物动词均可用状语修饰。
性质二:非谓语动词在句子中可以起名词、形容词和副词的语法作用。
理清非谓语动词的基本形式和作用,主要是让同学们对非谓语动词有个初步印象。同学们更需要了解的是在句子中如何确定非谓语动词的形式,以及当非谓语动词在作同一种句子成分时,到底应该选择哪种形式,这两点是掌握非谓语动词的关键。
(一)确定形式
一是确定时态形式。这主要看非谓语动词和句子谓语动词的时间关系。一般说来,非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,多用完成式;如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或者发生在谓语动词的动作之后,就应该用一般式或进行式。
二是确定语态形式。如果是不及物动词,只有主动式;如果是及物动词,那就要看清它和逻辑主语的关系。通常,逻辑上存在主谓关系就用主动式,存在动宾关系则用被动式。例如:
2018年全国卷I的书面表达中有这样一个高级句子:When invited to a Chinese friend’s home, you should arrive a little earlier so that you can help the family prepare the dinner.当被邀请到一个中国朋友家时,你应该早点到达以便能帮助主人准备晚餐。在该句中,主语you和谓语invite是动宾关系,表示“被邀请”,所以用被动语态。
(二)选择不同的非谓语动词
同一句子成分往往可以用不同的非谓语动词充当。
1.不定式、动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语
例如:I like swimming./ I like to swim today.
前一句中的swimming动作抽象,其动作不一定为I发出,没有时间性。而后一个句子中的swim则既由具体的人发出,又有特定的时间。
2.非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词的各种形式都可以在句中作表语,但它们所表示的意义和特点不尽相同。例如:
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。
Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂养猪。
His report is inspiring.他的报告鼓舞人心。
The caps are broken.帽子破了。
以上四个例句里的表语一般是不能互换的,理由见表三。
3.非谓语动词作定语
非谓语动词作定语时,情况特别复杂。为了让同学们掌握确定其形式的方法,笔者先把定语从句作为比较中项,进行句型转换,然后列表区别。例如:
Do you have any questions to ask ? →Do you have any questions that will be asked ?你有什么问题要问吗?
The man reading a newspaper is an engineer.→The man who is reading a newspaper is an engineer.讀报纸的那个人是个工程师。
I received a letter written in green ink.→I received a letter which is written in green ink.我收到了一封由绿色墨水书写的信。
4.非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时,不定式一般表示原因、目的和结果,但往往都是固定句型或固定搭配,而doing的用法比较多,可以表示伴随、方式、时间、原因、结果、让步等。例如:
I am glad to meet you. 很高兴见到你。(原因 )
He came early in order / so as to sit in the front row.他来得早是为了坐在前排。(目的)
He hurried home only to find his dad dead.他匆匆赶回家,却发现父亲已经去世了。(结果)
5.非谓语动词作补语
以下是非谓语动词作补语时的区别。例如:
What would you have me do ?你要我怎么做?
He was seen to enter the room.有人看见他进了房间。
We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过马路。 I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修了手表。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play basketball.做完作业后,他出去打篮球。
通过观察,对例句进行分析、比较后,可归纳出表五,帮助同学们掌握相关知识。
二、掌握非谓语动词的关键点
1.谓语还是非谓语
我们要先利用“有无”连词确定句子成分是谓语还是非谓语。一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词,若句中存在两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则应用连词将其连接成复合句。若句中无连词,则多余的动词应采用非谓语动词形式。简而言之,有连词,用谓语动词;无连词,用非谓语动词。例如:
(2018全国卷II)This included digging up the road, __(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
答案:laying
分析:通过分析该句句干,不难发现句中已有自己的谓语动词included,且无连词,所以该句的动词需要用非谓语形式;再根据digging, building的照应关系可知,答案是laying。
2.主动还是被动
确定动词是非谓语动词之后,我们就要判断非谓语动词在句中的成分和作用,即确定其逻辑主语和语态。如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语为主谓关系,则用现在分词或不定式的主动式,为动宾关系则用过去分词或不定式的被动式。另外,非谓语动词在句中充当的成分不同,它对应的逻辑主语的位置也不同。例如:
(1)(2017北京卷·30)The national park has a large coll-ection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.
分析:非谓语动词充当定语, 逻辑主语a large collection of wildlife为主句的宾语。
(2)(2016北京卷·28)Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive anytime now.
分析:非谓语动词充当状语,逻辑主语the books是主句的主语。
3.动作状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
误:I remember to call him up this morning and he promised to come.
正:I remember calling him up this morning and he promised to come.
4.动作状态发生在过去还是将来
误:——Is Bob still performing?
——I am afraid not. He is said to leave the stage already as he has become an official.(不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作将发生于将来。)
正:——Is Bob still performing?
—— I am afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.(不定式的完成时表示不定式的动作先于谓语动词发生。)
5.搭配to do 还是doing
误:The room needs to clean.
正:The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.
(简析:want, need, require,deserve等动词表达“需要”时,后接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式表示被动。)
6.是介词to还是不定式to
误:Is it time you got down to mark the papers?
正:Is it time you got down to marking the papers?(介詞)
误:He used to swimming in the small river.
正:He used to swim in the small river.(不定式)
7.是 - ed形式还是 - ing形式
误:Surprising and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
正: Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
三、走出易错易混的非谓语动词误区
非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前时,用过去分词、现在分词或不定式的完成式(主动having done / to have done;被动done/ having been done/ to have been done)。如果两者同时进行,用现在分词或不定式的进行式(主动doing;被动being done)。如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后,用不定式的一般式(主动to do;被动to be done)。详见以下分析:
1. to do 还是doing
to do 常表示具体的将要发生的动作或事情,侧重动作;而doing往往表示概念性和习惯性的动作或事情,侧重事情。例如: remember to do记住要做……(动作) remember doing记住做过……(事情)
try to do 设法做……(动作) try doing 尝试…… (事情 )
mean to do 计划/ 打算做……(动作) mean doing 意味着……(事情)
2. doing 和 having done
doing / having done 都表示主动,doing表示和谓语动作同时或几乎同时或之后发生,having done侧重动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
Waiting outside, she felt tired and worried.她在外面等着,又累又担心。
Having done all his work , he went to bed.在完成所有工作后,他上床睡觉了。
3. done / having been done
done / having been done都表示被动,done表示动作发生在谓语之后;having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。
Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. 由于學校电脑网络的崩溃,爱丽丝情绪低落。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. 由于澳大利亚被与其他大陆分离数百万年,岛上的许多动植物在世界上任何其他国家是找不到的。
4. to do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing
有了时态、语态的基本概念,不定式各种形式的含义和作用就不难理解和使用。To do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing都表示主动,to do 往往表示将来,即在谓语动作之后发生,to be doing表示和谓语动作同时发生,to have done表示在谓语动作之前发生,to have been doing表示一直持续到谓语动作发生时;to be done/ to have been done都表示被动,前者表示将来,即在谓语动作之后发生,后者表示在谓语动作之前发生。例如:
He is said to study abroad soon . 据说他很快要出国留学。
He is said to be studying abroad now.据说他现在正在国外留学。
He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他留过洋。
He is said to have been studying abroad for years.据说他在国外留学多年。
He is said to be given a prize. 据说要给他奖励。
He is said to have been given a gold medal.据说他已经获得金牌。
一、语法解析
为了方便同学们记忆,笔者将不定式、分词、动名词的形式编成口诀,帮助大家形成整体概念。非谓语动词口诀:
“非谓”形式123, 过去分词最简单;
现在分词、动名词,两种形式记心间;
不定式形式有三种,“完成”“进行”和“一般”。
这些形式是依靠非谓语动词的性质来决定的。
性质一:所有非谓语动词都保持动词原有的一些性质,即有时态变化。及物动词有语态变化,可以带宾语。不及物动词和及物动词均可用状语修饰。
性质二:非谓语动词在句子中可以起名词、形容词和副词的语法作用。
理清非谓语动词的基本形式和作用,主要是让同学们对非谓语动词有个初步印象。同学们更需要了解的是在句子中如何确定非谓语动词的形式,以及当非谓语动词在作同一种句子成分时,到底应该选择哪种形式,这两点是掌握非谓语动词的关键。
(一)确定形式
一是确定时态形式。这主要看非谓语动词和句子谓语动词的时间关系。一般说来,非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,多用完成式;如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或者发生在谓语动词的动作之后,就应该用一般式或进行式。
二是确定语态形式。如果是不及物动词,只有主动式;如果是及物动词,那就要看清它和逻辑主语的关系。通常,逻辑上存在主谓关系就用主动式,存在动宾关系则用被动式。例如:
2018年全国卷I的书面表达中有这样一个高级句子:When invited to a Chinese friend’s home, you should arrive a little earlier so that you can help the family prepare the dinner.当被邀请到一个中国朋友家时,你应该早点到达以便能帮助主人准备晚餐。在该句中,主语you和谓语invite是动宾关系,表示“被邀请”,所以用被动语态。
(二)选择不同的非谓语动词
同一句子成分往往可以用不同的非谓语动词充当。
1.不定式、动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语
例如:I like swimming./ I like to swim today.
前一句中的swimming动作抽象,其动作不一定为I发出,没有时间性。而后一个句子中的swim则既由具体的人发出,又有特定的时间。
2.非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词的各种形式都可以在句中作表语,但它们所表示的意义和特点不尽相同。例如:
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。
Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂养猪。
His report is inspiring.他的报告鼓舞人心。
The caps are broken.帽子破了。
以上四个例句里的表语一般是不能互换的,理由见表三。
3.非谓语动词作定语
非谓语动词作定语时,情况特别复杂。为了让同学们掌握确定其形式的方法,笔者先把定语从句作为比较中项,进行句型转换,然后列表区别。例如:
Do you have any questions to ask ? →Do you have any questions that will be asked ?你有什么问题要问吗?
The man reading a newspaper is an engineer.→The man who is reading a newspaper is an engineer.讀报纸的那个人是个工程师。
I received a letter written in green ink.→I received a letter which is written in green ink.我收到了一封由绿色墨水书写的信。
4.非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时,不定式一般表示原因、目的和结果,但往往都是固定句型或固定搭配,而doing的用法比较多,可以表示伴随、方式、时间、原因、结果、让步等。例如:
I am glad to meet you. 很高兴见到你。(原因 )
He came early in order / so as to sit in the front row.他来得早是为了坐在前排。(目的)
He hurried home only to find his dad dead.他匆匆赶回家,却发现父亲已经去世了。(结果)
5.非谓语动词作补语
以下是非谓语动词作补语时的区别。例如:
What would you have me do ?你要我怎么做?
He was seen to enter the room.有人看见他进了房间。
We saw them walking across the road.我们看见他们穿过马路。 I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修了手表。
Having finished his homework, he went out to play basketball.做完作业后,他出去打篮球。
通过观察,对例句进行分析、比较后,可归纳出表五,帮助同学们掌握相关知识。
二、掌握非谓语动词的关键点
1.谓语还是非谓语
我们要先利用“有无”连词确定句子成分是谓语还是非谓语。一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词,若句中存在两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则应用连词将其连接成复合句。若句中无连词,则多余的动词应采用非谓语动词形式。简而言之,有连词,用谓语动词;无连词,用非谓语动词。例如:
(2018全国卷II)This included digging up the road, __(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
答案:laying
分析:通过分析该句句干,不难发现句中已有自己的谓语动词included,且无连词,所以该句的动词需要用非谓语形式;再根据digging, building的照应关系可知,答案是laying。
2.主动还是被动
确定动词是非谓语动词之后,我们就要判断非谓语动词在句中的成分和作用,即确定其逻辑主语和语态。如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语为主谓关系,则用现在分词或不定式的主动式,为动宾关系则用过去分词或不定式的被动式。另外,非谓语动词在句中充当的成分不同,它对应的逻辑主语的位置也不同。例如:
(1)(2017北京卷·30)The national park has a large coll-ection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.
分析:非谓语动词充当定语, 逻辑主语a large collection of wildlife为主句的宾语。
(2)(2016北京卷·28)Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive anytime now.
分析:非谓语动词充当状语,逻辑主语the books是主句的主语。
3.动作状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前
误:I remember to call him up this morning and he promised to come.
正:I remember calling him up this morning and he promised to come.
4.动作状态发生在过去还是将来
误:——Is Bob still performing?
——I am afraid not. He is said to leave the stage already as he has become an official.(不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作将发生于将来。)
正:——Is Bob still performing?
—— I am afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.(不定式的完成时表示不定式的动作先于谓语动词发生。)
5.搭配to do 还是doing
误:The room needs to clean.
正:The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.
(简析:want, need, require,deserve等动词表达“需要”时,后接动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式表示被动。)
6.是介词to还是不定式to
误:Is it time you got down to mark the papers?
正:Is it time you got down to marking the papers?(介詞)
误:He used to swimming in the small river.
正:He used to swim in the small river.(不定式)
7.是 - ed形式还是 - ing形式
误:Surprising and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
正: Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
三、走出易错易混的非谓语动词误区
非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前时,用过去分词、现在分词或不定式的完成式(主动having done / to have done;被动done/ having been done/ to have been done)。如果两者同时进行,用现在分词或不定式的进行式(主动doing;被动being done)。如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后,用不定式的一般式(主动to do;被动to be done)。详见以下分析:
1. to do 还是doing
to do 常表示具体的将要发生的动作或事情,侧重动作;而doing往往表示概念性和习惯性的动作或事情,侧重事情。例如: remember to do记住要做……(动作) remember doing记住做过……(事情)
try to do 设法做……(动作) try doing 尝试…… (事情 )
mean to do 计划/ 打算做……(动作) mean doing 意味着……(事情)
2. doing 和 having done
doing / having done 都表示主动,doing表示和谓语动作同时或几乎同时或之后发生,having done侧重动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
Waiting outside, she felt tired and worried.她在外面等着,又累又担心。
Having done all his work , he went to bed.在完成所有工作后,他上床睡觉了。
3. done / having been done
done / having been done都表示被动,done表示动作发生在谓语之后;having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。
Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. 由于學校电脑网络的崩溃,爱丽丝情绪低落。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. 由于澳大利亚被与其他大陆分离数百万年,岛上的许多动植物在世界上任何其他国家是找不到的。
4. to do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing
有了时态、语态的基本概念,不定式各种形式的含义和作用就不难理解和使用。To do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing都表示主动,to do 往往表示将来,即在谓语动作之后发生,to be doing表示和谓语动作同时发生,to have done表示在谓语动作之前发生,to have been doing表示一直持续到谓语动作发生时;to be done/ to have been done都表示被动,前者表示将来,即在谓语动作之后发生,后者表示在谓语动作之前发生。例如:
He is said to study abroad soon . 据说他很快要出国留学。
He is said to be studying abroad now.据说他现在正在国外留学。
He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他留过洋。
He is said to have been studying abroad for years.据说他在国外留学多年。
He is said to be given a prize. 据说要给他奖励。
He is said to have been given a gold medal.据说他已经获得金牌。