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阿尔弗莱德.施密特是西方马克思主义的主要代表,在其学术生涯中,他始终以法兰克福学派的社会批判理论为基础,并且他从法兰克福学派社会批判理论的角度和立场对马克思的自然观进行了重释,在他看来,马克思主义是批判理论即批判唯物主义。他认为,马克思的哲学不是本体论的,而是方法论的,也即马克思否定科学的、世界观的哲学。马克思是在非本体论意义上来理解自然概念的,并以“非本体论唯物主义”作为他自然观的基础。不是所谓的物质这抽象体,而是社会实践的具体性才是唯物主义理论的真正对象和出发点。这样,施密特突出了马克思自然概念的社会历史特征。马克思的哲学旨在批判“第二自然”和突出主客体的非同一性。
Alfred Schmidt is the main representative of Western Marxism, in his academic career, he has always been based on the Frankfurt School’s theory of social criticism as the foundation, and he from the perspective of Frankfurt School Critical Theory of Society and Marxist nature In the view of him, Marxism is a critical theory that criticizes materialism. In his opinion, Marx’s philosophy is not ontological but methodological, that is, Marx rejects the philosophy of science and world outlook. Marx came to understand the concept of nature in a non-ontological sense and took “non-ontological materialism” as the foundation of his view of nature. It is not the so-called abstract body of matter, but the concreteness of social practice as the real object and starting point of the materialist theory. In this way, Schmidt highlights the social and historical features of Marx’s concept of nature. Marx’s philosophy aims at criticizing “second nature” and highlighting the non-identity of subject and object.