残余应力问题的广泛性与重要性,已日益为人们所了解。残余应力对构件的疲劳强度、应力腐蚀、形状精度等等均有重大影响;而它的形成,又随构件的材质、形状、成形与加工工艺过程等的不同而异,影响因素多,随机性大,又是自平衡力系,因此,如何确定残余应力的实际大小,是一个既重要而又困难的课题。残余应力的问题,现已发展成固体力学的一个分支。对于构件表层的残余应力,目前尚有一些比较可行的测试方法,如X射线法、小盲孔法、分割法等,在一定条件下能达到一定的精度。但物体内部残余应力的测定,却是特别困难的问题。即使对于形状简单且残余应力分布不复杂的构件,虽说有时采取剥离、剖分等全破坏性的方法结合计算,可以确定其体内残余应力,但也是工作量大、操作难度大、设备复 The breadth and importance of the problem of residual stress have become increasingly known to the public. The residual stress has a significant influence on the fatigue strength, stress corrosion and shape accuracy of the components. However, its formation varies with the material, shape, forming and processing of the components, and other factors. The randomness Large and self-balancing force, so how to determine the actual size of the residual stress is an important and difficult issue. The problem of residual stress has now developed into a branch of solid mechanics. There are some more feasible test methods for residual stresses on the surface of components, such as X-ray method, small blind method and segmentation method, which can reach a certain degree of accuracy under certain conditions. However, the determination of the residual stress inside an object is a particularly difficult problem. Even for components with simple shape and unrestricted residual stress distribution, residual stress in the body can be determined by combining the methods of complete destructiveness such as peeling and splitting. However, it is also a heavy workload and difficult to operate.