论文部分内容阅读
近几年，高考英语书面表达的话题越来越多地围绕同学们身边的人、事、物，同时，题目往往还要求对这些人、事、物进行评价。比如2011年高考英语浙江卷的书面表达题：
假如你是高中生李越，有感于校园中普遍存在的随意涂写（to scribble）和乱丢垃圾（to litter）的行为，请用英语给校长写一封100～120词的信。信中应包括以下内容：
1. 说明写信的目的；
2. 对这些行为进行批评；
3. 提出建议。
注意：信的开头、落款以及信的第一句已给出（不计词数）。
以往的高考题多要求肯定、表扬他人的行为，而这道题却要求同学们对校园里随意涂写和乱丢垃圾的行为进行批评。由于平时较少写作与批评相关的内容，不少同学不会用英语进行批评。
有些同学只描述了这些不文明的现象，没有作出批评，就直接跳到了建议和措施。例如：I find some students always scribble and litter as they like. I insist that measures should be taken instantly.
有些同学虽然批评了，但只是“蜻蜓点水”式地指出随意涂写和乱丢垃圾的行为是不文明的，并且没有与下文的建议恰当衔接。例如：When I wander along the school path, I often see someone who is scribbling or littering. These bad behaviors will do harm to our school. So my suggestions are as follows.
还有些同学批评过了头，把乱涂乱写的同学批得体无完肤，甚至直接建议校长严惩这些同学。例如：The students who do such things should be blamed seriously. They are not only selfish but also lack awareness of responsibilities. You should make some rules to punish them.
批评也是一种艺术，把握好语言的分寸才能让人信服。
（1） 批评要对事不对人
批评是为了让人知道错在哪里，以便改进，所以要对事不对人。写作时，应该重点描述某种行为有可能造成的不良后果，让被批评者认识到此种行为不可为就可以了，没有必要涉及怎样惩罚行为人，尤其是在行为人不明确的情况下。
比如Such bad behaviors make people feel bad to them， which also do harm to their habit development，这样的批评显然是对人不对事。
又比如I’m strongly opposed to these behaviors. The students who usually scribble and litter are to blame and to be punished，前一句表达了对此种行为的反对，后一句却表达要批评、惩罚行为人的意思，又变成了对人不对事。而一旦对人进行批评，就偏离了题目的要求——“对这些行为进行批评”。如果改为： I’m strongly opposed to these behaviors because these behaviors will make the campus messy and ugly. People who study, work or visit here will feel uneasy，指出这些行为给校园环境和人造成的不良影响，就合适多了。
（2） 批评要一针见血
批评是为了改进，所以批评要直接，没有必要绕弯子，只有一针见血地指出问题，才能有针对性地提出改进措施。
比如有同学写：As high school students, it’s of great importance for us to be equipped with high quality. Nevertheless, the behaviors above would not only pollute the environment but also damage the image of the school, even contribute to bad effect on society，这批评从学生素质出发，绕了很大的圈子来描述这些行为的严重后果，把人绕得云里雾里。
还有同学写：I think it is a short-moral behavior! Never think things are too small to do, because they can make a great difference，且不论句中的语法错误，这样的表达实在让人搞不明白他究竟想说什么。
像Litter is a breeding ground for bacteria, what’s worse, items such as broken glass can be a health hazard in public places这样，一针见血地指出乱扔垃圾的危害，显然比那些“兜圈子”式的批评“到位”许多。
（3） 批评要找准切入点
要说明某种行为是错的，就要以此种行为造成的直接后果作为批评的切入点，使人产生共鸣，明白错误所在。如果列举的后果太过牵强，批评的效力就会下降。
比如：Scribbling and littering add to the difficulty of cleaning the wall and the floor. Nevertheless, some students are unaware of it and may think it fashionable，造成清理困难确实是随意涂写和乱扔垃圾的后果，但要靠这条理由来说服他人改变，稍显牵强。
又比如：I think scribbling and littering in the school would affect the students to work hard and pass the exams. So we should keep the classroom and school clean，不卫生的校园环境对同学们的成绩不能说没有影响，但并没有直接的因果关系，这样的批评显然不能让人信服。
如果改为Scribbling and littering make our school dirty and unpleasant, and do harm to the image of our school，就有说服力多了。
了解了批评的这三个要点，同学们可以在平时针对各种不良现象的后果进行归纳和思考，这样，在考场上就可以根据具体的要求进行恰当的批评了。
KEY to Learning About the Oceans From Sand
（1） B
（2） The grains will break down and the angular corners will break off.
假如你是高中生李越，有感于校园中普遍存在的随意涂写（to scribble）和乱丢垃圾（to litter）的行为，请用英语给校长写一封100～120词的信。信中应包括以下内容：
1. 说明写信的目的；
2. 对这些行为进行批评；
3. 提出建议。
注意：信的开头、落款以及信的第一句已给出（不计词数）。
以往的高考题多要求肯定、表扬他人的行为，而这道题却要求同学们对校园里随意涂写和乱丢垃圾的行为进行批评。由于平时较少写作与批评相关的内容，不少同学不会用英语进行批评。
有些同学只描述了这些不文明的现象，没有作出批评，就直接跳到了建议和措施。例如：I find some students always scribble and litter as they like. I insist that measures should be taken instantly.
有些同学虽然批评了，但只是“蜻蜓点水”式地指出随意涂写和乱丢垃圾的行为是不文明的，并且没有与下文的建议恰当衔接。例如：When I wander along the school path, I often see someone who is scribbling or littering. These bad behaviors will do harm to our school. So my suggestions are as follows.
还有些同学批评过了头，把乱涂乱写的同学批得体无完肤，甚至直接建议校长严惩这些同学。例如：The students who do such things should be blamed seriously. They are not only selfish but also lack awareness of responsibilities. You should make some rules to punish them.
批评也是一种艺术，把握好语言的分寸才能让人信服。
（1） 批评要对事不对人
批评是为了让人知道错在哪里，以便改进，所以要对事不对人。写作时，应该重点描述某种行为有可能造成的不良后果，让被批评者认识到此种行为不可为就可以了，没有必要涉及怎样惩罚行为人，尤其是在行为人不明确的情况下。
比如Such bad behaviors make people feel bad to them， which also do harm to their habit development，这样的批评显然是对人不对事。
又比如I’m strongly opposed to these behaviors. The students who usually scribble and litter are to blame and to be punished，前一句表达了对此种行为的反对，后一句却表达要批评、惩罚行为人的意思，又变成了对人不对事。而一旦对人进行批评，就偏离了题目的要求——“对这些行为进行批评”。如果改为： I’m strongly opposed to these behaviors because these behaviors will make the campus messy and ugly. People who study, work or visit here will feel uneasy，指出这些行为给校园环境和人造成的不良影响，就合适多了。
（2） 批评要一针见血
批评是为了改进，所以批评要直接，没有必要绕弯子，只有一针见血地指出问题，才能有针对性地提出改进措施。
比如有同学写：As high school students, it’s of great importance for us to be equipped with high quality. Nevertheless, the behaviors above would not only pollute the environment but also damage the image of the school, even contribute to bad effect on society，这批评从学生素质出发，绕了很大的圈子来描述这些行为的严重后果，把人绕得云里雾里。
还有同学写：I think it is a short-moral behavior! Never think things are too small to do, because they can make a great difference，且不论句中的语法错误，这样的表达实在让人搞不明白他究竟想说什么。
像Litter is a breeding ground for bacteria, what’s worse, items such as broken glass can be a health hazard in public places这样，一针见血地指出乱扔垃圾的危害，显然比那些“兜圈子”式的批评“到位”许多。
（3） 批评要找准切入点
要说明某种行为是错的，就要以此种行为造成的直接后果作为批评的切入点，使人产生共鸣，明白错误所在。如果列举的后果太过牵强，批评的效力就会下降。
比如：Scribbling and littering add to the difficulty of cleaning the wall and the floor. Nevertheless, some students are unaware of it and may think it fashionable，造成清理困难确实是随意涂写和乱扔垃圾的后果，但要靠这条理由来说服他人改变，稍显牵强。
又比如：I think scribbling and littering in the school would affect the students to work hard and pass the exams. So we should keep the classroom and school clean，不卫生的校园环境对同学们的成绩不能说没有影响，但并没有直接的因果关系，这样的批评显然不能让人信服。
如果改为Scribbling and littering make our school dirty and unpleasant, and do harm to the image of our school，就有说服力多了。
了解了批评的这三个要点，同学们可以在平时针对各种不良现象的后果进行归纳和思考，这样，在考场上就可以根据具体的要求进行恰当的批评了。
KEY to Learning About the Oceans From Sand
（1） B
（2） The grains will break down and the angular corners will break off.