论文部分内容阅读
在高考英语试题中，阅读理解部分所占的分数比重最大，它全面测试学生的基本语言能力、阅读技巧、翻译能力、逻辑思维能力和解题技巧。然而，随着新课改的深入，各地区的阅读理解题也有了新的变化，对英语词汇考查数量的增加在阅读理解部分表现得尤为明显，许多地区的阅读理解材料由原来的每篇200多个词增加到每篇300—400个词。此外，阅读材料更具有明显的英语语言文化特征，行文比较跳跃，隐含信息较多，长句、难句的数量也有较大的增加。因此，要拿下“阅读”这一大关，同学们必须实现英语快速阅读，使阅读活动更高效，从而在考试中做到“一目十行，游刃有余”。
●快速阅读的前提条件
阅读理解不是一种孤立的能力，它必须以具备一定的词汇量、基本语法知识、阅读技能和基本常识为前提。如果没有一定的语言基础，阅读材料通篇都是生词，语法难点很多，即使掌握了一些快速阅读的技能，也无济于事。反之，如果只有语言基础知识，而没有科学的阅读技巧，要想读得快、读得多，也是不可能的。另外，如果对材料的内容缺乏常识性的了解，即使语言基础好，并具备阅读技能，也不可能实现高效阅读。
●常见的不良阅读习惯
1. 声读。出声阅读的主要弊病就是阅读效率受说话速度的限制，嘴唇的活动会影响眼睛的扫视速度。
2. 心读。有些同学在阅读时，会在内心自言自语，发出并听着每个字音，这也在一定程度上分散了精力。
3. 指读。指读是用手指、笔、尺子等指着一个个单词进行阅读，这会妨碍眼睛运动并限制大脑的快速活动能力。
4. 复视。复视指读完一个句子或段落后回头重复阅读。阅读能力较差的学生通常会过分依赖复视。
5. 头的摆动。在阅读过程中，有些同学会使自己的鼻尖对准正在读的每一个字，当他顺着一行字往下读或看下一行时，就会轻微地摆动头部。这种头的摆动也会对阅读速度产生影响。
6. 其他不良习惯。除了以上所说的坏习惯，部分同学还存在以下不良习惯：注意力不集中；用尺子比着，一行行下移；边读边玩钢笔、尺子等物，不时地发出响声；爱抖动双腿；过多进行语法分析；停下来查词典等。这些不良习惯直接影响同学们的思路，降低阅读速度，应及时地加以克服和纠正。
●快速阅读的方法技巧
1. 重视首尾以抓主题（Get the main idea by reading the head and the end）
阅读正文前，就标题（如果有标题的话）来合理推测材料的大概内容，也可根据其篇章特点在读了文章首尾段或前两、三段之后寻找短文的主题句，揣测作者的写作意图，并归纳出文章的主题。例如：
（2013年新课标全国卷I A篇）Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my family’s last vacation. It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school， and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York， so I had to get back. But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.
...
I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth. I’m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes， clothes for my children， and expensive restaurants. But I wouldn’t hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer， and it’s the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.
59. What does the author want to tell us？
A. How to expose bad tricks.
B. How to reserve airline seats.
C. How to spend money wisely.
D. How to make a business deal.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。综观全文，尤其是第一段和末段，可推测出作者要告知读者的是如何明智地花钱。第一段中，作者表明自己是省钱一族；最后一段叙述自己对不同产品的不同决策，对于质量高的产品自己也会毫不犹豫地购买，说明了作者花钱的明智。
2. 找关键词句以抓细节（Get the detailed information by grasping the key part） 在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，同学们要学会抓主要的词句，“带着问题找答案”，快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，运用排除和比较对照的方法确定答案。例如：
（2013年山东卷 A篇）Jimmy is an automotive mechanic， but he lost his job a few months ago. He has a good heart， but always feared applying for a new job.
One day， he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview...
56. Why did Jimmy apply for a new job？
A. He was out of work.
B. He was bored with his job.
C. He wanted a higher position.
D. He hoped to find a better boss.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段中的“but he lost his job a few months ago”可知Jimmy找工作是因为他失业了。
3. 运用语境来精确猜测（Make precise guesses based on specific context）
词义猜测题是每年高考英语阅读理解都会涉及的考查内容。这种不借助词典而通过阅读上下文（即语境）来推断生词含义的能力是学生必须具备的，也是阅读测试中经常考查的一种能力。在这样的情况下，学生要利用上下文的已知部分，尤其是该词或该短语前后的句子进行合理地推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测划线部分内容的引申含义。此外，学生还可以根据同义词和反义词来猜测划线部分内容的意思，重点是要抓住文中表示递进、转折或对比意义的词语，如on the contrary，however，rather than，moreover，in addition等。例如：
（2013年江西卷 C篇）Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this， or because they are not willing to do the work， that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as “bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires， to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside， stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover， since listening well involves bracketing， it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance， the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
...
66.The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.
A. preparing a topic list first
B. focusing on one’s own mind
C. directing the talk to the desired results
D. experiencing the speaker’s inside world
【答案】D
【解析】句意猜测题。从上文中的“to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside”可知，划线部分指的是要理解说话者的内心世界。
4. 交换立场以入情景（Get to know the author better by pretending to be him/her） 阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即理解作者要传达的信息。在实际的阅读材料中，作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。因此，同学们要将自己放在作者的位置上，在第一时间融入文章情景中去正确把握文章的内在关系，并结合文章提供的信息或自身的生活常识，对文章细节、文章来源、读者对象、写作意图以及作者观点或态度倾向进行分析和识别。例如：
（2013年北京卷 C篇）
Does Fame Drive You Crazy？
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true， today’s star， feeling like zoo animals， face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi （狗仔队）camp outside their homes， cameras ready. Tabloids（小报）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature！
According to psychologist Christina Villarreal， celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually， they start to lose track of who they really are， seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them， not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time，” Villarreal says， “they feel separated and alone.”
...
Being a public figure today， however， is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous， there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.
...
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still， even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.
66.What is the author’s attitude toward modern celebrity？
A. Sincere. B. Skeptical.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】D
【解析】态度倾向推断题。作者态度在最后一段，“can get a little justice”“how hard their lives are”“they are tired of being famous already”等表明他对明星们的同情。
【归纳】态度倾向推断题的选项一般分为以下三种：
（1）表中立的：objective（客观的），neutral（中立的），impartial（公平的，不偏不倚的），disinterested （无私的），unprejudiced（没有偏见的），unbiased（不偏不倚的），detached（公正的）等。
（2）表赞成的：positive（肯定的，实际的，积极的，确实的），favorable（赞成的，有利的），supportive（支持的），interested（感兴趣的），optimistic（乐观的），positive（正面的），impressive（给人深刻印象的，感人的）等。
（3）表反对的：negative（否定的，消极的），disapproval（不赞成），objection（异议），opposition （反对），critical（批评的），disgusting（令人厌恶的，令人反感的），suspicious（可疑的，怀疑的），ironic（说反话的，讽刺的），indifferent（漠不关心的），depressed（消沉的），pessimistic（悲观的）等。
当然，英语快速阅读能力的培养不可能一天就做到，必须有一个循序渐进的过程。因此，在日常学习中，同学们要有意识地按照要求进行大量的练习，制订出计划和严格的要求，一步一个脚印地进行。只要持之以恒，必然有所成效。
●快速阅读的前提条件
阅读理解不是一种孤立的能力，它必须以具备一定的词汇量、基本语法知识、阅读技能和基本常识为前提。如果没有一定的语言基础，阅读材料通篇都是生词，语法难点很多，即使掌握了一些快速阅读的技能，也无济于事。反之，如果只有语言基础知识，而没有科学的阅读技巧，要想读得快、读得多，也是不可能的。另外，如果对材料的内容缺乏常识性的了解，即使语言基础好，并具备阅读技能，也不可能实现高效阅读。
●常见的不良阅读习惯
1. 声读。出声阅读的主要弊病就是阅读效率受说话速度的限制，嘴唇的活动会影响眼睛的扫视速度。
2. 心读。有些同学在阅读时，会在内心自言自语，发出并听着每个字音，这也在一定程度上分散了精力。
3. 指读。指读是用手指、笔、尺子等指着一个个单词进行阅读，这会妨碍眼睛运动并限制大脑的快速活动能力。
4. 复视。复视指读完一个句子或段落后回头重复阅读。阅读能力较差的学生通常会过分依赖复视。
5. 头的摆动。在阅读过程中，有些同学会使自己的鼻尖对准正在读的每一个字，当他顺着一行字往下读或看下一行时，就会轻微地摆动头部。这种头的摆动也会对阅读速度产生影响。
6. 其他不良习惯。除了以上所说的坏习惯，部分同学还存在以下不良习惯：注意力不集中；用尺子比着，一行行下移；边读边玩钢笔、尺子等物，不时地发出响声；爱抖动双腿；过多进行语法分析；停下来查词典等。这些不良习惯直接影响同学们的思路，降低阅读速度，应及时地加以克服和纠正。
●快速阅读的方法技巧
1. 重视首尾以抓主题（Get the main idea by reading the head and the end）
阅读正文前，就标题（如果有标题的话）来合理推测材料的大概内容，也可根据其篇章特点在读了文章首尾段或前两、三段之后寻找短文的主题句，揣测作者的写作意图，并归纳出文章的主题。例如：
（2013年新课标全国卷I A篇）Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my family’s last vacation. It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school， and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York， so I had to get back. But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.
...
I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth. I’m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes， clothes for my children， and expensive restaurants. But I wouldn’t hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its shape longer， and it’s the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.
59. What does the author want to tell us？
A. How to expose bad tricks.
B. How to reserve airline seats.
C. How to spend money wisely.
D. How to make a business deal.
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。综观全文，尤其是第一段和末段，可推测出作者要告知读者的是如何明智地花钱。第一段中，作者表明自己是省钱一族；最后一段叙述自己对不同产品的不同决策，对于质量高的产品自己也会毫不犹豫地购买，说明了作者花钱的明智。
2. 找关键词句以抓细节（Get the detailed information by grasping the key part） 在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，同学们要学会抓主要的词句，“带着问题找答案”，快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，运用排除和比较对照的方法确定答案。例如：
（2013年山东卷 A篇）Jimmy is an automotive mechanic， but he lost his job a few months ago. He has a good heart， but always feared applying for a new job.
One day， he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview...
56. Why did Jimmy apply for a new job？
A. He was out of work.
B. He was bored with his job.
C. He wanted a higher position.
D. He hoped to find a better boss.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。由文章第一段中的“but he lost his job a few months ago”可知Jimmy找工作是因为他失业了。
3. 运用语境来精确猜测（Make precise guesses based on specific context）
词义猜测题是每年高考英语阅读理解都会涉及的考查内容。这种不借助词典而通过阅读上下文（即语境）来推断生词含义的能力是学生必须具备的，也是阅读测试中经常考查的一种能力。在这样的情况下，学生要利用上下文的已知部分，尤其是该词或该短语前后的句子进行合理地推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测划线部分内容的引申含义。此外，学生还可以根据同义词和反义词来猜测划线部分内容的意思，重点是要抓住文中表示递进、转折或对比意义的词语，如on the contrary，however，rather than，moreover，in addition等。例如：
（2013年江西卷 C篇）Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the opposite. Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this， or because they are not willing to do the work， that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as “bracketing”. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires， to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside， stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover， since listening well involves bracketing， it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance， the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way. The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
...
66.The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in paragraph 2 probably means _______.
A. preparing a topic list first
B. focusing on one’s own mind
C. directing the talk to the desired results
D. experiencing the speaker’s inside world
【答案】D
【解析】句意猜测题。从上文中的“to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside”可知，划线部分指的是要理解说话者的内心世界。
4. 交换立场以入情景（Get to know the author better by pretending to be him/her） 阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即理解作者要传达的信息。在实际的阅读材料中，作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。因此，同学们要将自己放在作者的位置上，在第一时间融入文章情景中去正确把握文章的内在关系，并结合文章提供的信息或自身的生活常识，对文章细节、文章来源、读者对象、写作意图以及作者观点或态度倾向进行分析和识别。例如：
（2013年北京卷 C篇）
Does Fame Drive You Crazy？
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true， today’s star， feeling like zoo animals， face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi （狗仔队）camp outside their homes， cameras ready. Tabloids（小报）publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature！
According to psychologist Christina Villarreal， celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually， they start to lose track of who they really are， seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them， not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time，” Villarreal says， “they feel separated and alone.”
...
Being a public figure today， however， is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous， there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.
...
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still， even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.
66.What is the author’s attitude toward modern celebrity？
A. Sincere. B. Skeptical.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】D
【解析】态度倾向推断题。作者态度在最后一段，“can get a little justice”“how hard their lives are”“they are tired of being famous already”等表明他对明星们的同情。
【归纳】态度倾向推断题的选项一般分为以下三种：
（1）表中立的：objective（客观的），neutral（中立的），impartial（公平的，不偏不倚的），disinterested （无私的），unprejudiced（没有偏见的），unbiased（不偏不倚的），detached（公正的）等。
（2）表赞成的：positive（肯定的，实际的，积极的，确实的），favorable（赞成的，有利的），supportive（支持的），interested（感兴趣的），optimistic（乐观的），positive（正面的），impressive（给人深刻印象的，感人的）等。
（3）表反对的：negative（否定的，消极的），disapproval（不赞成），objection（异议），opposition （反对），critical（批评的），disgusting（令人厌恶的，令人反感的），suspicious（可疑的，怀疑的），ironic（说反话的，讽刺的），indifferent（漠不关心的），depressed（消沉的），pessimistic（悲观的）等。
当然，英语快速阅读能力的培养不可能一天就做到，必须有一个循序渐进的过程。因此，在日常学习中，同学们要有意识地按照要求进行大量的练习，制订出计划和严格的要求，一步一个脚印地进行。只要持之以恒，必然有所成效。