归纳问题是认识论的一个基本问题。很难找到认识论中有哪一部分同这个问题的解决没有直接或间接的联系。在历史上,关于知识的经验起源和论证问题,有不同的提法和解答。十七世纪,对归纳问题的态度可清楚地区分出两个对立观点,与之相应,哲学家划分为所谓归纳万能论者和反归纳主义者或演绎主义者。这种对立的认识论原因是对归纳方法本质作了形而上学的简单化的理解,因为两派都把归纳看作从经验中已知的局部事件的知识简单过渡到所有此类事件的普遍知识。归纳主义者断言,只有经验知识才是初始的真正知识,演绎主义者 Inductive problem is a basic epistemological issue. It is hard to find which part of epistemology has no direct or indirect connection with the solution to this problem. Historically, there have been different formulations and explanations of the origins of experience and the reasoning of knowledge. In the seventeenth century, the attitude towards the problem of induction can be clearly distinguished between two opposing views. Correspondingly, philosophers are divided into so-called inductive and anti-inductiveists or deductiveists. The reason for this opposition to epistemology is a metaphysical simplistic understanding of the nature of the inductive method, as both groups regard induction as a simple transition from knowledge of local events known from experience to universal knowledge of all such events. The inductiveists assert that only empirical knowledge is the initial real knowledge, and deductiveists