建立怎样的农村医疗保障模式并如何评价其效果,是政策制定者和学术界关注的焦点及研究难点之一。文章采用欧洲五维度量表对健康相关生命质量进行测量,建立结构方程模型,针对两种不同的农村医疗保障模式对改善农村居民的健康相关生命质量的效果进行实证研究。研究结果表明,相对于新型农村合作医疗,以保障基本医疗为主的互助医疗在改善农村居民健康状况方面具有较优的长期效果。 How to establish the model of rural medical security and how to evaluate its effect is one of the focuses and research difficulties that policy makers and academics pay close attention to. In this paper, we use the European five-dimensional scale to measure the health-related quality of life and establish the structural equation model. The empirical study is conducted to evaluate the effect of two different models of rural medical insurance on improving the health-related quality of life of rural residents. The results show that compared with the new rural cooperative medical system, mutual aid medical care based on the protection of basic medical care has a better long-term effect in improving rural residents’ health status.