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1912年,孙中山领导的南京临时政府为庆祝开国,在黄陵、明孝陵举行了隆重的祭祀典礼。几乎同时,还将清廷的昭忠祠改为大汉忠烈祠,以新式的祭祀典礼告慰革命的牺牲者。其唯一例外是延祀了清代参加中法战争而殉职的将领孙开化。南京临时政府在破除“迷信”的名义下,废除了文庙祀典之外的清廷其他所有祀典,却没有来得及制定民国祀典,以致于民间请求制礼的呼声甚高。尽管南京临时政府的国家祀典未能实现制度化,但其开创了民国礼仪制度的新时代,表达了汉族政权重续的政治兴奋情感,终结了传统的“神道设教”与政治自然化的伦理观念,展现了孙中山再造文明中国的本土情怀与世界眼光。
In 1912, the Nanjing Provisional Government headed by Sun Yat-sen celebrated the founding of the People’s Republic of China and held a grand ceremonial ceremony in Huangling and Ming Xiaolingtong. At about the same time, the Ch’ing altar in Ch’ing court was changed to Martyr Martyr’s Shrine, and the victims of the revolution were reassured by the new ritual sacrifices. The only exception was the extension of Sun Kaihua, the commander of the general staff who sacrificed his service to the Sino-French War in the Qing Dynasty. Under the name of breaking “superstition”, the interim government in Nanjing abolished all other sacrificial ceremonies of the Qing court except for the sacrificial ceremonies in the Confucian Temple, but failed to make the sacrificial ceremony in the Republic of China so much that civil appeal for making ceremonies was very high. Although the national sacrificial ceremony of the interim government in Nanjing failed to institutionalize, it opened up a new era of the ruling system of the Republic of China and expressed the emotion of political excitement renewed by the Han regime, ending the traditional “Shintoism” and political nature The concept of ethics demonstrates Sun Yat-sen’s rejuvenation of civilized China’s native feelings and world vision.