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一、现在完成时的构成
现在完成时是由“助动词have/ has+动词的过去分词”构成。主语是第三人称单数时用has, 其余人称用have。例如：
Peter has written six papers so far.
彼得到目前为止已做了六张试卷。
They have just had their lunch．
他们刚吃过午饭。
二、现在完成时的用法
１．表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。与此用法连用的时间状语有already, yet, recently, just, ever, never, before, so far, these days, all this year, by the time, in the past/ last few+ years/months/weeks/days 等。例如：
I have already seen the movie.
我已经看过这部电影了。
He has ever been to Shanghai.
他曾经去过上海。
—Have you ever visited the Great Wall?
—No, I have never been to the Great Wall.
——你曾经参观过长城吗？
——不，我从未去过长城。
注意：already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。例如：
We have already finished our homework.
我们已经完成了我们的家庭作业。
Have you finished your homework yet?
你完成了你的家庭作业吗？
2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。与此用法连用的时间状语有“ for + 一段时间”及“since+过去时间点或过去时的句子”，与for 和since 连用的动词必须是延续性动词。例如：
I have not seen him for two years.
我两年没见到他了。
The old man has lived in the village since ten years ago.
这位老人自从十年前就住在这个村庄了。
The girl has learned English since she was five years old.
这个女孩自从她五岁时就开始学英语。
3. 短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。要用必须改为延续性动词来表述。
三、现在完成时的同义句型转换
（1）将时间状语改为过去时间，用一般过去时代替现在完成时。
（2）It is＋一段时间＋ since 从句 （从句用过去时）
（3）一段时间+has passed +since从句 （从句用过去时）
请看下面的例子：
他三年前就参军了。
He has been a soldier for three years.
He has been a soldier since three years ago.
=He joined the army three years ago.
=It is three years since he joined the army.
=Three years has passed since he joined the army.
四、have/has been to, have/has gone to的区别
have/has been to表示“到过某地”，现在已经回来； have /has gone to表示“已经去了某地”，说话时此人在那里，或在路上，反正不在说话现场。 例如：
—Where is your teacher ?
—He has gone to Beijing. He has been there twice before.
——你的老师在哪儿？
——他去了北京，以前他去过那里两次。
五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都可表示过去完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在的影响或结果，着重与现在的关系；而一般过去时只客观地表示过去的动作，不表示与现在的关系。例如：
He has seen the film before.
他以前看过这部电影。
He saw the film two weeks ago.
他两周前看过这部电影。
【巩固练习】
一、单项选择。
1. I _____ my grandpa last Sunday.
A. have visited
B. visited
C. was visiting
2. He _____ to Canada, so you can not see him recently.
A. went B. has been
C. has gone D. have been gone
3. — _____ have you been there since you became a teacher？
—Twice.
A. How often B. How soon
C. How long D. How many times
4. —London has ever hosted the modern Olympics.
— _____ Paris.
A. So does B. So has
C. Nor does D. Neither has
5. I _____ never _____ there before.
A. have, been to B. have, been
C. have, gone to D. have, gone
6. —Where is Bill?
—He _____ Sydney with his father.
A. has gone to B. has been to
C. have gone to D. have been to
二、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. They_____ just _____ (have) their lunch.
2. He _____ ever ＿＿＿＿＿ (be) to Shanghai .
3. Great changes _____ (take) place in the past few years /over the years.
4. Mary _____ (be ) ill for three days.
5. We _____ (see) that film before.
6. We haven’t finished our homework _____
(already/yet).
7. Have they found the missing child _____
(yet/already )?
8. Have you _____(ever/never ) been to the Bird’s Nest(鸟巢)?
9. I _____ (not see) him for two years.
10. He _____ (teach) here since 1981.The shop _____ (open) for an hour.
11. The old man _____ (live) in the village since ten years ago.
12. The girl _____ (learn) English since she _____ (be) five years old.
13. The Blacks _____ already_____ (visit) many places of interest since they _____ (come) to China.
14. Mr Smith _____ (come) in China for five years.
15. He _____ (leave) from his hometown since 20 years ago.
16. They _____ just _____ (clean) the room. They _____ (clean) the room just now.
17. I _____ (buy) the computer for a month.I _____ (buy) it a month ago.
三、同义句转换。
1. His father _____ _____ _____ (死) for two years.
（1） = His father _____ two years ago.
（2）=_____ _____ two years since his father _____.
（3）=Two years _____ _____ since his father _____.
2. The film _____ _____ _____ (开始) for ten minutes.
（1）=The film _____ ten minutes ago .
（2）=_____ _____ten minutes since the film _____.
（3）=Ten minutes _____ _____ since the film _____.
Key:
一、1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A
二、1． have， had
2. has，been
3. have taken
4. has been
5. have seen
6. yet
7. yet
8. ever
9. haven’t seen
10. has taught； has been open
11. has lived
12. has learned，was
13. have，visited，came
14. has been
15. has been away
16. have，cleaned；cleaned
17. have had；bought
三、1. has been dead
（1）died （2）It is，died （3）has passed，died
2. has been on
（1）began （2）It is，began （3）has
passed，began
现在完成时是由“助动词have/ has+动词的过去分词”构成。主语是第三人称单数时用has, 其余人称用have。例如：
Peter has written six papers so far.
彼得到目前为止已做了六张试卷。
They have just had their lunch．
他们刚吃过午饭。
二、现在完成时的用法
１．表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。与此用法连用的时间状语有already, yet, recently, just, ever, never, before, so far, these days, all this year, by the time, in the past/ last few+ years/months/weeks/days 等。例如：
I have already seen the movie.
我已经看过这部电影了。
He has ever been to Shanghai.
他曾经去过上海。
—Have you ever visited the Great Wall?
—No, I have never been to the Great Wall.
——你曾经参观过长城吗？
——不，我从未去过长城。
注意：already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。例如：
We have already finished our homework.
我们已经完成了我们的家庭作业。
Have you finished your homework yet?
你完成了你的家庭作业吗？
2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。与此用法连用的时间状语有“ for + 一段时间”及“since+过去时间点或过去时的句子”，与for 和since 连用的动词必须是延续性动词。例如：
I have not seen him for two years.
我两年没见到他了。
The old man has lived in the village since ten years ago.
这位老人自从十年前就住在这个村庄了。
The girl has learned English since she was five years old.
这个女孩自从她五岁时就开始学英语。
3. 短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。要用必须改为延续性动词来表述。
三、现在完成时的同义句型转换
（1）将时间状语改为过去时间，用一般过去时代替现在完成时。
（2）It is＋一段时间＋ since 从句 （从句用过去时）
（3）一段时间+has passed +since从句 （从句用过去时）
请看下面的例子：
他三年前就参军了。
He has been a soldier for three years.
He has been a soldier since three years ago.
=He joined the army three years ago.
=It is three years since he joined the army.
=Three years has passed since he joined the army.
四、have/has been to, have/has gone to的区别
have/has been to表示“到过某地”，现在已经回来； have /has gone to表示“已经去了某地”，说话时此人在那里，或在路上，反正不在说话现场。 例如：
—Where is your teacher ?
—He has gone to Beijing. He has been there twice before.
——你的老师在哪儿？
——他去了北京，以前他去过那里两次。
五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都可表示过去完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在的影响或结果，着重与现在的关系；而一般过去时只客观地表示过去的动作，不表示与现在的关系。例如：
He has seen the film before.
他以前看过这部电影。
He saw the film two weeks ago.
他两周前看过这部电影。
【巩固练习】
一、单项选择。
1. I _____ my grandpa last Sunday.
A. have visited
B. visited
C. was visiting
2. He _____ to Canada, so you can not see him recently.
A. went B. has been
C. has gone D. have been gone
3. — _____ have you been there since you became a teacher？
—Twice.
A. How often B. How soon
C. How long D. How many times
4. —London has ever hosted the modern Olympics.
— _____ Paris.
A. So does B. So has
C. Nor does D. Neither has
5. I _____ never _____ there before.
A. have, been to B. have, been
C. have, gone to D. have, gone
6. —Where is Bill?
—He _____ Sydney with his father.
A. has gone to B. has been to
C. have gone to D. have been to
二、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. They_____ just _____ (have) their lunch.
2. He _____ ever ＿＿＿＿＿ (be) to Shanghai .
3. Great changes _____ (take) place in the past few years /over the years.
4. Mary _____ (be ) ill for three days.
5. We _____ (see) that film before.
6. We haven’t finished our homework _____
(already/yet).
7. Have they found the missing child _____
(yet/already )?
8. Have you _____(ever/never ) been to the Bird’s Nest(鸟巢)?
9. I _____ (not see) him for two years.
10. He _____ (teach) here since 1981.The shop _____ (open) for an hour.
11. The old man _____ (live) in the village since ten years ago.
12. The girl _____ (learn) English since she _____ (be) five years old.
13. The Blacks _____ already_____ (visit) many places of interest since they _____ (come) to China.
14. Mr Smith _____ (come) in China for five years.
15. He _____ (leave) from his hometown since 20 years ago.
16. They _____ just _____ (clean) the room. They _____ (clean) the room just now.
17. I _____ (buy) the computer for a month.I _____ (buy) it a month ago.
三、同义句转换。
1. His father _____ _____ _____ (死) for two years.
（1） = His father _____ two years ago.
（2）=_____ _____ two years since his father _____.
（3）=Two years _____ _____ since his father _____.
2. The film _____ _____ _____ (开始) for ten minutes.
（1）=The film _____ ten minutes ago .
（2）=_____ _____ten minutes since the film _____.
（3）=Ten minutes _____ _____ since the film _____.
Key:
一、1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A
二、1． have， had
2. has，been
3. have taken
4. has been
5. have seen
6. yet
7. yet
8. ever
9. haven’t seen
10. has taught； has been open
11. has lived
12. has learned，was
13. have，visited，came
14. has been
15. has been away
16. have，cleaned；cleaned
17. have had；bought
三、1. has been dead
（1）died （2）It is，died （3）has passed，died
2. has been on
（1）began （2）It is，began （3）has
passed，began