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恩格斯在1886年所写的《路德维希.费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》一书中第一次明确表述了哲学的基本问题,即思维和存在、意识和物质的关系问题。不管是古希腊哲学的本体论,还是近代哲学的认识论,不管是唯心主义,还是唯物主义,都将这二者置于二元关系之中,最终仍无法真正解决其关系问题。马克思正是在批判继承前人思想精华的基础上,创立了历史唯物主义,将这二者置于实践的基础上来理解,从而消解了这种二元论,形成一种全新的哲学视域。
Engels, for the first time in his book The End of Ludwig Feuerbach and German Classical Philosophy in 1886, explicitly stated the basic philosophical problems of thinking and existence, between consciousness and material. Whether it is the ontology of ancient Greek philosophy or the epistemology of modern philosophy, both idealism and materialism place the two in a binary relationship and ultimately fail to solve their relations. It is precisely on the basis of criticizing and inheriting the essence of the predecessors’ thoughts that Marx founded historical materialism and put these two concepts into practice on the basis of practice, thus dissolving this dualism and forming a completely new philosophical horizon.