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【目的】在油菜种植主产区,研究不同栽培模式及施氮方式对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响,为油菜高产高效生产科学施肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2010—2011年度在湖北省和江西省开展移栽油菜和直播油菜氮肥施用田间试验,比较氮肥表施(表面撒施)、翻施(撒施后旋耕)和集中施用(移栽油菜穴施和直播油菜条施覆土)3种不同施氮方式对两种栽培模式(移栽和直播)油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】相同条件下,移栽油菜产量水平显著高于直播油菜,两者的产量差达到299.1—544.2 kg·hm~(-2),从干物质动态结果可以看出,各个生育期移栽油菜地上部和地下部生物量显著高于直播油菜,此外,移栽油菜可以获得较高的氮素累积,相比直播油菜提高33.1%—54.8%,移栽油菜氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率显著高于直播油菜,其中氮肥农学利用率从6.5 kg·kg~(-1)增加到7.8 kg·kg~(-1),平均增幅为20.2%,氮肥表观利用率从27.6%提高到37.5%,平均增幅为37.5%。氮肥施用具有显著的增产效果,直播油菜施氮效果大于移栽油菜。在相同氮肥用量条件下,不同施氮方式对油菜产量、干物质动态、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率产生明显影响,总体表现为氮肥集中施用>翻施>表施的趋势。与表施处理相比,不同试验点移栽和直播油菜氮肥集中施用处理平均增产分别为18.2%和23.8%,氮素吸收量平均增幅分别为19.0%和37.0%。对于氮肥农学利用率而言,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从6.9 kg·kg~(-1)增加到8.8 kg·kg~(-1),平均增幅为27.7%,直播油菜从5.7 kg·kg~(-1)增加到7.5 kg·kg~(-1),平均增幅为31.7%。而对于氮肥表观利用率而言,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用处理相比表施处理从33.3%提高到42.3%,平均增幅为27.2%;直播油菜从22.0%提高到27.4%,平均增幅为50.7%。相比于表施处理,移栽油菜氮肥集中施用花后地下部干物质增幅占整个生育期干物质增幅的61.8%,地上部为50.5%;直播油菜分别为78.5%和66.7%。【结论】直播油菜对氮肥施用方式的响应比移栽油菜更敏感,氮肥集中施用促进了植株花后地下部和地上部干物质同步累积。结合油菜栽培模式,实际生产中应该采取条施或穴施的氮肥集中施用技术。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to study the effects of different cultivation modes and nitrogen application modes on rapeseed yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the main producing areas of rapeseed so as to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and efficient fertilization of rapeseed. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted in 2010-2011 in Hubei Province and Jiangxi Province to study the application of nitrogen fertilizer for transplanting canola and direct seeding rape. The effects of top dressing, surface treatment, Effects of three different nitrogen application methods on rapeseed yield, dry matter dynamics, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in two cultivation modes (transplanting and direct seeding). 【Result】 Under the same conditions, the yield of transplanted rapeseed was significantly higher than that of direct seeding rape, the yield difference reached 299.1-544.2 kg · hm -2. According to the dynamic results of dry matter, Compared with the direct seeding rapeseed, the biomass of above-ground and below-ground rapeseed was significantly higher than that of the direct seeding rape. In addition, the transplanting of rapeseed increased the nitrogen accumulation by 33.1% -54.8% The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was significantly higher than that of direct seeding rape. The agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increased from 6.5 kg · kg -1 to 7.8 kg · kg -1 with an average increase of 20.2% and the apparent nitrogen use efficiency increased from 27.6% To 37.5% with an average increase of 37.5%. Nitrogen fertilization has a significant yield-increasing effect, nitrogen-transmitting effect of direct seeding rape is higher than transplanting rapeseed. Under the same nitrogen application rate, different nitrogen application modes had significant effects on rapeseed yield, dry matter dynamics, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency, and the overall performance was concentrated application of nitrogen fertilizer> overlying> topdressing. Compared with the surface treatment, the average yield of nitrogen application by transplanting and direct seeding rape in different experimental sites was 18.2% and 23.8% respectively, and the average increment of nitrogen uptake was 19.0% and 37.0% respectively. For the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application, the nitrogen application concentration of transplanting canola increased from 6.9 kg · kg -1 to 8.8 kg · kg -1 with an average increase of 27.7% From 5.7 kg · kg -1 to 7.5 kg · kg -1, the average increase was 31.7%. For the apparent nitrogen use efficiency, transplanting rape nitrogen concentrated application treatment increased from 33.3% to 42.3%, the average increase rate was 27.2%; direct seeding rape from 22.0% to 27.4% with an average increase of 50.7 %. Compared with the surface treatment, transplanting of rapeseed nitrogen concentration after the flowering of the underground dry matter growth accounted for 61.8% growth of dry matter throughout the growth period, aboveground 50.5%; direct seeding rape were 78.5% and 66.7%. 【Conclusion】 The response of direct seeding rape to nitrogen application was more sensitive than that of transplanted rape. The concentrated application of nitrogen fertilization promoted the simultaneous accumulation of dry matter in underground and above-ground parts of plants. Combined with rape cultivation mode, the actual production should adopt the application of nitrogen or fertilizer facilities.