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本文在长期田野调查的基础上,对中缅边境拉祜西人的头人制度及其运作进行了描述和分析。低度分化的拉祜西社会以自然村(寨子)为传统政治组织的基本地域单位。四位头人(佛爷、着八、卡些和章利)分别管理本寨的佛事、寨神、世俗事务及工具的制造和使用。头人之间的分工大致明确,但分工的有效实施又依赖于头人的集体合作。随着国家力量不断下移至村民的生活中并构成规范性的影响,自然村中的头人与基层干部形成双重权威。至今,传统头人制度依然享有强有力的文化动员资源并努力维持着自身的边界,其作用蕴含在传统文化的脉络之中。笔者认为,地方政府应当有效利用当地民族传统组织而不是将其排斥于村庄治理的范围之外。这样,当地社区会更和谐,基层行政系统也能在低成本情况下获得更高的运作效率。
On the basis of long-term fieldwork, this article describes and analyzes the system of leaders and the operation of Lahu people in the Sino-Burmese border. Poorly differentiated La Tse-tung society uses natural villages (stockade) as the basic geographical unit of traditional political organizations. Four leaders (Buddha, eight, card, and Zhang Li) manage the manufacture and use of Buddhist art, walled gods, worldly affairs and tools in this village. The division of labor among headmen is generally clear, but the effective implementation of the division of labor relies on the collective cooperation of the headmen. As the state forces continue to move down to the villagers’ lives and form a normative influence, the leaders in the natural villages and the grassroots cadres form the dual authority. Up to now, the traditional headman system still enjoys strong cultural mobilization resources and strives to maintain its own boundaries. Its role is embedded in the context of traditional culture. The author believes that local governments should make effective use of local traditional ethnic organizations instead of excluding them from the scope of village governance. In this way, the local community will be more harmonious and the grassroots administrative system will be able to achieve higher operating efficiency at a lower cost.