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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of common sustained tachyarrhythmias and is one of the major causes of stroke. Recent clinical studies have shown that ectopic activities in pulmonary vein muscle sleeves (PVMSs) are important not only for the initiation of AF but also for its maintenance.1 Four-phase spontaneous depolarization could be observed in PVMS after the tissue was pre-treated with ryanodine or when atrial pressure was elevated.2,3 These data showed the distinct electrophysiology characteristics of PVMS.