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RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是指由短双链RNA诱导的同源RNA降解过程或者是指诱导DNA甲基化的方式对其同源序列的基因表达进行干涉的过程。传统观念认为,这种现象发生在转录后水平又称为转录后基因沉默(post-transcriptional gene silence,PTGS)。然而,最近研究表明,干扰小RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)是一些甲基化转移酶活化的起始信号,能在转录水平调控(沉默)基因的表达(transcriptional gene silence,TGS)。该机制广泛存在于从酵母到哺乳动物的细胞中,能调节多种生物学的过程。新近的研究表明细胞和病毒miRNA(vmiRNA)都能调节病毒的复制;还有研究表明有些病毒,比如HIV-1,可以直接调控细胞内的RNA干扰的能力。RNA干扰有可能成为一种新的防治HIV-1感染的基因治疗方法,本文就RNA干扰作用机制以及在HIV-1感染方面的应用进行综述。
RNA interference (RNAi) refers to the process of homologous RNA degradation induced by short double-stranded RNA or interference with the gene expression of its homologous sequences in a manner that induces DNA methylation. The traditional view that this phenomenon occurs at the post-transcriptional level, also known as post-transcriptional gene silence (PTGS). However, recent studies have shown that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are the initiating signals for the activation of methylated transferases and can regulate (silence) the transcriptional gene silence (TGS) at the transcriptional level. This mechanism exists extensively in cells from yeast to mammals and can regulate a variety of biological processes. Recent studies have shown that both cells and viral miRNAs can regulate virus replication. Studies have also shown that some viruses, such as HIV-1, can directly regulate intracellular RNA interference. RNA interference may become a new gene therapy method to prevent and treat HIV-1 infection. In this paper, the mechanism of RNA interference and its application in HIV-1 infection are reviewed.