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在印度大约有50％以上的土地由于受到土壤侵蚀及其它因素的影响,而使土壤大量流失。尽管土壤保持措施是按照第一个五年计划(1951～1956)的要求来进行的,但是在小流域内却没有得到贯彻落实。再者这些措施也不是一套完整的方案。因而目前的情况已经变得非常严重。森林和土地受到极其严重的破坏,河流和水库大量淤积,致使地下水枯竭,造成连年干旱。这些情况,只有在小流域内采取一整套的有力措施,才可能得到控制。 为了防止水库淤积,提高土壤湿度,以便使粮食生产获得好的收成,应采取如下几种水土保持措施:a)就地截流。b)修筑等高地埂、梯田等水土保持措施。c)修筑节制坝和沟蚀控制建筑物。d)修农用蓄水池,渗漏池。e)打井,利用井水灌溉。 这些措施是在1000～2000公顷流域内按规划进行的,其效果令人满意。因此,农民希望在所有地区实施这些计划。本文详细地叙述了各种有关的水土保持措施的执行情况,并将各种措施所获得的效益,与近几年来一些用非科学方法治理导致的后果,作了一些比较。
About 50% of the land in India is drained of soil due to soil erosion and other factors. Although the soil conservation measures were carried out according to the requirements of the first five-year plan (1951 ~ 1956), they were not implemented in the small watershed. Moreover, these measures are not a complete package. As a result, the current situation has become very serious. The forests and land were extremely severely damaged, and a large number of rivers and reservoirs were silted, resulting in the depletion of groundwater and the successive years of drought. These circumstances can only be brought under control if we adopt a comprehensive set of effective measures in small watersheds. In order to prevent siltation of reservoirs and increase soil moisture in order to achieve good harvests for grain production, several measures for soil and water conservation should be taken as follows: a) Closure in place. b) The construction of contour plots, terraces and other soil and water conservation measures. c) Construction of dam and gully erosion control buildings. d) repair farming reservoir, leakage tank. e) drilling wells, using well water irrigation. These measures are carried out according to plan in the basin of 1000 ~ 2000 hectares and the results are satisfactory. Therefore, farmers want to implement these plans in all regions. This paper describes in detail the implementation of various related soil and water conservation measures and makes some comparisons of the benefits derived from various measures with the results of some non-scientific approaches in recent years.