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[摘要] 目的 探討乌司他丁对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者溶栓后血清炎症介质表达水平的影响。 方法 选取2017年1~12月我院收治的AMI患者84例,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各42例。对照组患者接受重组链激酶静脉溶栓治疗,试验组在溶栓治疗基础上,再给予乌司他丁静脉滴注。两组患者分别于治疗前、治疗后24 h及72 h抽取静脉血测定炎症介质hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α的表达水平。 结果 治疗后24 h两组患者hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α表达水平均较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但试验组增加幅度低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后72 h两组患者炎症介质水平均显著低于同组治疗前及治疗后24 h(P<0.05),且试验组的降低幅度优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组在溶栓后住院期间不良反应及不良心血管事件发生情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 AMI患者溶栓治疗前后应用乌司他丁可有效抑制炎症介质表达水平,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。
[关键词] 乌司他丁;急性心肌梗死;溶栓;炎症介质
[中图分类号] R542.22 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)15-0117-04
Effect of ulinastatin on the expression of serum inflammatory mediators in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after thrombolysis
SHI Linhui DONG Zhouzhou YE Longqiang LIU Panpan
ICU, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center of Taipei Medical University, Ningbo 315040, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of ulinastatin on the expression of serum inflammatory mediators in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) after thrombolysis. Methods 84 patients with AMI in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group with 42 cases in each group. The control group received recombinant streptokinase intravenous thrombolytic therapy, while the experimental group was given intravenous infusion of ulinastatin in the foundation of thrombolytic therapy. Two groups of patients were extracted venous blood to measure the expression levels of inflammatory mediators including hs-CRP, IL-1, IL-10 and TNF-α before treatment, 24 h and 72 h after treatment. Results 24 h after treatment, the expression levels of hs-CRP, IL-1, IL-10 and TNF-α in the two groups were higher than those before the treatment, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). However, the increase in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 72 h after treatment, the levels of inflammatory mediators in the two groups were significantly lower than those before and 24 h after the treatment(P<0.05). The decrease in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions and adverse cardiovascular events between the two groups during hospitalization after thrombolysis(P>0.05). Conclusion The use of ulinastatin before and after thrombolytic therapy can effectively inhibit the expression levels of inflammatory mediators and relieve myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in patients with AMI. [Key words] Ulinastatin; Acute myocardial infarction; Thrombolysis; Inflammatory mediator
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI) 是严重威胁人类健康的疾病,其致死率接近30%[1]。静脉溶栓治疗是有效恢复缺血心肌再灌注、挽救患者生命的重要手段之一[2],但冠脉血管再通后可诱发心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury,MIRI),导致并发各种心律失常,影响患者预后[3]。新近研究表明MIRI的病理生理过程涉及钙超载、氧自由基、NO合成失调及细胞凋亡等[4,5],可引起包括hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α等在内炎症介质的表达变化。乌司他丁作为一种广谱蛋白酶抑制剂,研究显示其可通过抑制体内多种蛋白酶活性、调节炎症介质释放及减少炎性浸润而具有改善MIRI的作用[6, 7]。本研究对进行溶栓治疗的AMI患者联合应用乌司他丁,通过观察不同时期血清hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α的表达变化,评价乌司他丁在MIRI中的炎症抑制作用,旨在探讨乌司他丁對MIRI的保护机制。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2017年1~12月我院重症医学科收治的AMI患者。入组标准:(1)符合中华医学会心血管病学分会中关于AMI的诊断标准[8];(2)心脏泵功能killip分级1~2级,无溶栓治疗禁忌证;(3)溶栓后冠脉血管再通[9]。排除标准:(1)合并有严重心、肝、肾功能不全者;(2)既往已有AMI病史者;(3)对本研究所用药物过敏者;(4)妊娠及哺乳期妇女[9]。按上述标准,共入组84例AMI患者,其中男54例,女30例,年龄42~81岁,平均(62.7±12.4)岁。按随机数表法将其分为对照组和试验组,每组各42例。两组患者在性别、年龄及冠心病危险因素等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准,入组前均获得患者书面知情同意。
1.2 方法
对照组患者按AMI治疗流程进行基础治疗,静脉溶栓采用重组链激酶(上海凯茂生物有限公司,国药准字S19980018,规格:50万IU/瓶)150万IU加5%葡萄糖溶液100 mL,于60 min内滴完。试验组在对照组治疗基础上,于溶栓治疗前1 h予乌司他丁(广东天普生化医药股份有限公司,国药准字H19990133,规格:5万U/瓶)30万U静脉滴注,溶栓治疗后继续予乌司他丁10万U静脉滴注,每8小时1次,疗程3 d。两组其他常规治疗一致。
1.3 检测指标
采集溶栓治疗前(静滴乌司他丁前)、治疗后24 h及72 h静脉血各5 mL于真空采集管。hs-CRP检测采用速率散热比浊法,检测试剂盒购自深圳晶美生物工程公司;IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α检测采用ELISA法,检测试剂盒购自上海西塘生物科技公司,检测步骤严格按照说明书进行。
1.4 观察指标
观察两组患者治疗过程中有无呕吐、腹泻、肝功能受损、药物过敏以及出血、死亡等不良反应发生;统计两组患者溶栓治疗后住院期间出现心源性死亡、再发心肌梗死、心源性休克及继发性心力衰竭等不良心血管事件的例数。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件对数据进行分析。计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用重复测量方差分析;计数资料采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者血清炎症介质水平比较
治疗前两组患者各炎症介质水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后24 h两组患者hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α表达水平均较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但试验组增加幅度低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后72 h两组患者各炎症介质水平均显著低于同组治疗前及治疗后24 h(P<0.05),且试验组的降低幅度优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组患者不良反应情况比较
两组均未出现死亡病例。治疗过程中,试验组患者出现腹泻1例,呕吐1例,对照组出现腹泻2例、呕吐1例,两组均未见过敏及出血等其他不良反应发生,两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(4.76% vs 7.14,P>0.05)。试验组患者住院期间出现继发性心力衰竭2例,心源性休克2例,对照组患者出现继发性心力衰竭3例,心源性休克2例,溶栓1例6 d后再发心肌梗死,两组不良心血管事件发生率比较差异亦无统计学意义(9.52% vs 14.28%,P>0.05)。
3 讨论
MIRI是指缺血心肌恢复血流后,反而加重心肌细胞结构与功能的破坏,进而参与心梗后心室重构,导致心功能受损及心律失常等一系列病理生理反应。研究表明[10,11],炎症反应是AMI后并发MIRI的重要机制,由炎症介质介导的钙超载、氧自由基及细胞凋亡等在MIRI的发生发展中起关键作用。研究发现[12]hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α等炎症介质水平的表达增高与缺血后心肌细胞坏死数量及心功能损害程度密切相关。因此,降低机体炎症反应程度,对减轻MIRI、提高AMI的临床疗效、改善预后意义重大。乌司他丁为一种广谱的Kuniz型蛋白酶抑制剂,能同时抑制透明质酸酶、胰蛋白酶以及纤溶酶等多种蛋白酶的活性,稳定溶酶体膜的生理功能,达到抑制机体炎症反应,减轻组织器官损伤的功能[13]。研究显示乌司他丁能有效消除氧自由基[14]、降低炎症介质水平[15],尤其在减轻重症感染、心肺复苏等应激状态下引起的心肌损害方面作用明显[16]。鉴于乌司他丁良好的抑制炎症反应及心肌保护作用,故本研究将其应用于进行溶栓治疗的AMI患者,观察乌司他丁对患者血清hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α等炎症介质水平的影响,旨在探讨乌司他丁对MIRI的保护机制。 hs-CRP为肝脏合成的急性时相蛋白,是與AMI炎症反应关系最密切的标志物之一,可灵敏地反映MIRI程度,冠脉梗死复通后,hs-CRP表达水平显著增高[17],进而激活补体系统,诱导加剧心肌坏死,因此hs-CRP可用于评估患者心肌损害程度及预后[18]。IL-1作为促炎因子,可以触发炎症级联反应,MIRI早期IL-1表达水平即上调,诱导中性粒细胞炎性浸润加剧,从而导致心肌细胞坏死及凋亡。而IL-10作为炎症抑制因子,在生理心肌细胞中低表达,而在MIRI中IL-10高表达[19]。TNF-α是MIRI连锁反应中的重要介质[20],在MIRI早期即可被过度激活,同时TNF-α可进一步触发产生其他炎症介质而引起炎症级联放大效应,进而导致心肌细胞亡、心肌损害[21]。Blancke F等[22]研究显示TNF-α在MIRI中表达水平增高,同时可引起冠脉无复流现象,进一步加重MIRI。
本研究结果显示,两组患者血清hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α表达水平在溶栓治疗前比较未见明显差异,而在溶栓治疗后24 h两组各炎症介质表达水平均较治疗前明显升高,进一步提示MIRI可以引起炎症介质的释放,溶栓治疗后出现不同程度的炎症反应及心肌损害,而炎症抑制因子IL-10表达水平较治疗前升高,考虑是MIRI诱发hs-CRP、IL-1及TNF-α过表达的同时,引起IL-10反应性的升高,从而起到心肌保护的作用,但不足以拮抗MIRI时的炎症反应。两组患者在溶栓治疗后72 h血清炎症介质水平均明显低于治疗前及治疗后24 h,且试验组降低幅度优于对照组,提示在溶栓治疗中使用乌司他丁可有效减轻炎症反应、降低AMI患者的MIRI程度,探讨可能机制主要与乌司他丁能抑制炎症介质的释放,有效清除机体内的氧自由基、拮抗Ca 、抗中性粒细胞浸润以及稳定溶酶体膜,从而减轻MIRI所致的炎性损伤、改善心肌顺应性及缩小梗死范围密切相关[23]。两组患者在治疗期间药物过敏、出血及死亡等不良反应发生率和溶栓治疗后住院期间继发性心力衰竭、心源性休克等不良心血管事件发生率情况比较差异均无统计学意义,显示乌司他丁在AMI溶栓治疗中具有良好的安全性。
综上所述,乌司他丁在抑制炎症反应、减轻AMI溶栓治疗患者的MIRI及保护心肌细胞方面具有良好的临床疗效。但鉴于本研究为单中心小样本的临床研究,乌司他丁的具体临床效用尚需扩大样本量及基础实验等进一步支持。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-03)
[关键词] 乌司他丁;急性心肌梗死;溶栓;炎症介质
[中图分类号] R542.22 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)15-0117-04
Effect of ulinastatin on the expression of serum inflammatory mediators in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after thrombolysis
SHI Linhui DONG Zhouzhou YE Longqiang LIU Panpan
ICU, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center of Taipei Medical University, Ningbo 315040, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of ulinastatin on the expression of serum inflammatory mediators in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) after thrombolysis. Methods 84 patients with AMI in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2017 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group with 42 cases in each group. The control group received recombinant streptokinase intravenous thrombolytic therapy, while the experimental group was given intravenous infusion of ulinastatin in the foundation of thrombolytic therapy. Two groups of patients were extracted venous blood to measure the expression levels of inflammatory mediators including hs-CRP, IL-1, IL-10 and TNF-α before treatment, 24 h and 72 h after treatment. Results 24 h after treatment, the expression levels of hs-CRP, IL-1, IL-10 and TNF-α in the two groups were higher than those before the treatment, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). However, the increase in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 72 h after treatment, the levels of inflammatory mediators in the two groups were significantly lower than those before and 24 h after the treatment(P<0.05). The decrease in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions and adverse cardiovascular events between the two groups during hospitalization after thrombolysis(P>0.05). Conclusion The use of ulinastatin before and after thrombolytic therapy can effectively inhibit the expression levels of inflammatory mediators and relieve myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in patients with AMI. [Key words] Ulinastatin; Acute myocardial infarction; Thrombolysis; Inflammatory mediator
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI) 是严重威胁人类健康的疾病,其致死率接近30%[1]。静脉溶栓治疗是有效恢复缺血心肌再灌注、挽救患者生命的重要手段之一[2],但冠脉血管再通后可诱发心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury,MIRI),导致并发各种心律失常,影响患者预后[3]。新近研究表明MIRI的病理生理过程涉及钙超载、氧自由基、NO合成失调及细胞凋亡等[4,5],可引起包括hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α等在内炎症介质的表达变化。乌司他丁作为一种广谱蛋白酶抑制剂,研究显示其可通过抑制体内多种蛋白酶活性、调节炎症介质释放及减少炎性浸润而具有改善MIRI的作用[6, 7]。本研究对进行溶栓治疗的AMI患者联合应用乌司他丁,通过观察不同时期血清hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α的表达变化,评价乌司他丁在MIRI中的炎症抑制作用,旨在探讨乌司他丁對MIRI的保护机制。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2017年1~12月我院重症医学科收治的AMI患者。入组标准:(1)符合中华医学会心血管病学分会中关于AMI的诊断标准[8];(2)心脏泵功能killip分级1~2级,无溶栓治疗禁忌证;(3)溶栓后冠脉血管再通[9]。排除标准:(1)合并有严重心、肝、肾功能不全者;(2)既往已有AMI病史者;(3)对本研究所用药物过敏者;(4)妊娠及哺乳期妇女[9]。按上述标准,共入组84例AMI患者,其中男54例,女30例,年龄42~81岁,平均(62.7±12.4)岁。按随机数表法将其分为对照组和试验组,每组各42例。两组患者在性别、年龄及冠心病危险因素等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准,入组前均获得患者书面知情同意。
1.2 方法
对照组患者按AMI治疗流程进行基础治疗,静脉溶栓采用重组链激酶(上海凯茂生物有限公司,国药准字S19980018,规格:50万IU/瓶)150万IU加5%葡萄糖溶液100 mL,于60 min内滴完。试验组在对照组治疗基础上,于溶栓治疗前1 h予乌司他丁(广东天普生化医药股份有限公司,国药准字H19990133,规格:5万U/瓶)30万U静脉滴注,溶栓治疗后继续予乌司他丁10万U静脉滴注,每8小时1次,疗程3 d。两组其他常规治疗一致。
1.3 检测指标
采集溶栓治疗前(静滴乌司他丁前)、治疗后24 h及72 h静脉血各5 mL于真空采集管。hs-CRP检测采用速率散热比浊法,检测试剂盒购自深圳晶美生物工程公司;IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α检测采用ELISA法,检测试剂盒购自上海西塘生物科技公司,检测步骤严格按照说明书进行。
1.4 观察指标
观察两组患者治疗过程中有无呕吐、腹泻、肝功能受损、药物过敏以及出血、死亡等不良反应发生;统计两组患者溶栓治疗后住院期间出现心源性死亡、再发心肌梗死、心源性休克及继发性心力衰竭等不良心血管事件的例数。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件对数据进行分析。计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用重复测量方差分析;计数资料采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者血清炎症介质水平比较
治疗前两组患者各炎症介质水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后24 h两组患者hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α表达水平均较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但试验组增加幅度低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后72 h两组患者各炎症介质水平均显著低于同组治疗前及治疗后24 h(P<0.05),且试验组的降低幅度优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 两组患者不良反应情况比较
两组均未出现死亡病例。治疗过程中,试验组患者出现腹泻1例,呕吐1例,对照组出现腹泻2例、呕吐1例,两组均未见过敏及出血等其他不良反应发生,两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(4.76% vs 7.14,P>0.05)。试验组患者住院期间出现继发性心力衰竭2例,心源性休克2例,对照组患者出现继发性心力衰竭3例,心源性休克2例,溶栓1例6 d后再发心肌梗死,两组不良心血管事件发生率比较差异亦无统计学意义(9.52% vs 14.28%,P>0.05)。
3 讨论
MIRI是指缺血心肌恢复血流后,反而加重心肌细胞结构与功能的破坏,进而参与心梗后心室重构,导致心功能受损及心律失常等一系列病理生理反应。研究表明[10,11],炎症反应是AMI后并发MIRI的重要机制,由炎症介质介导的钙超载、氧自由基及细胞凋亡等在MIRI的发生发展中起关键作用。研究发现[12]hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α等炎症介质水平的表达增高与缺血后心肌细胞坏死数量及心功能损害程度密切相关。因此,降低机体炎症反应程度,对减轻MIRI、提高AMI的临床疗效、改善预后意义重大。乌司他丁为一种广谱的Kuniz型蛋白酶抑制剂,能同时抑制透明质酸酶、胰蛋白酶以及纤溶酶等多种蛋白酶的活性,稳定溶酶体膜的生理功能,达到抑制机体炎症反应,减轻组织器官损伤的功能[13]。研究显示乌司他丁能有效消除氧自由基[14]、降低炎症介质水平[15],尤其在减轻重症感染、心肺复苏等应激状态下引起的心肌损害方面作用明显[16]。鉴于乌司他丁良好的抑制炎症反应及心肌保护作用,故本研究将其应用于进行溶栓治疗的AMI患者,观察乌司他丁对患者血清hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α等炎症介质水平的影响,旨在探讨乌司他丁对MIRI的保护机制。 hs-CRP为肝脏合成的急性时相蛋白,是與AMI炎症反应关系最密切的标志物之一,可灵敏地反映MIRI程度,冠脉梗死复通后,hs-CRP表达水平显著增高[17],进而激活补体系统,诱导加剧心肌坏死,因此hs-CRP可用于评估患者心肌损害程度及预后[18]。IL-1作为促炎因子,可以触发炎症级联反应,MIRI早期IL-1表达水平即上调,诱导中性粒细胞炎性浸润加剧,从而导致心肌细胞坏死及凋亡。而IL-10作为炎症抑制因子,在生理心肌细胞中低表达,而在MIRI中IL-10高表达[19]。TNF-α是MIRI连锁反应中的重要介质[20],在MIRI早期即可被过度激活,同时TNF-α可进一步触发产生其他炎症介质而引起炎症级联放大效应,进而导致心肌细胞亡、心肌损害[21]。Blancke F等[22]研究显示TNF-α在MIRI中表达水平增高,同时可引起冠脉无复流现象,进一步加重MIRI。
本研究结果显示,两组患者血清hs-CRP、IL-1、IL-10及TNF-α表达水平在溶栓治疗前比较未见明显差异,而在溶栓治疗后24 h两组各炎症介质表达水平均较治疗前明显升高,进一步提示MIRI可以引起炎症介质的释放,溶栓治疗后出现不同程度的炎症反应及心肌损害,而炎症抑制因子IL-10表达水平较治疗前升高,考虑是MIRI诱发hs-CRP、IL-1及TNF-α过表达的同时,引起IL-10反应性的升高,从而起到心肌保护的作用,但不足以拮抗MIRI时的炎症反应。两组患者在溶栓治疗后72 h血清炎症介质水平均明显低于治疗前及治疗后24 h,且试验组降低幅度优于对照组,提示在溶栓治疗中使用乌司他丁可有效减轻炎症反应、降低AMI患者的MIRI程度,探讨可能机制主要与乌司他丁能抑制炎症介质的释放,有效清除机体内的氧自由基、拮抗Ca 、抗中性粒细胞浸润以及稳定溶酶体膜,从而减轻MIRI所致的炎性损伤、改善心肌顺应性及缩小梗死范围密切相关[23]。两组患者在治疗期间药物过敏、出血及死亡等不良反应发生率和溶栓治疗后住院期间继发性心力衰竭、心源性休克等不良心血管事件发生率情况比较差异均无统计学意义,显示乌司他丁在AMI溶栓治疗中具有良好的安全性。
综上所述,乌司他丁在抑制炎症反应、减轻AMI溶栓治疗患者的MIRI及保护心肌细胞方面具有良好的临床疗效。但鉴于本研究为单中心小样本的临床研究,乌司他丁的具体临床效用尚需扩大样本量及基础实验等进一步支持。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-03)