Membrane bioreactors (MBR) and their application to treating domestic wastewater as well as industrial wastewater have attracted ever-increasing attention recently due to demands to deliver effluents of higher standards with more reliable quality. Results Membrane bioreactors (MBR) and their application to treating domestic wastewater as well as industrial wastewater have a lot of ever-as attention recently recently due to requirements to deliver effluents of higher standards with more reliable quality.