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目的探讨胸水间皮细胞计数对结核性、恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断的价值。方法收集134例胸腔积液患者，对其87例结核性胸腔积液和47例恶性胸腔积液患者的间皮细胞计数，对结果进行统计学评价。结果结核性、恶性胸腔积液的间皮细胞计数两组间均有差异有极显著性差别( P<0.01)。以间皮细胞计数<5%为判断界值，诊断结核性胸水灵敏度为81.61%(71/87)，特异度为85.11%(40/47)。结论胸水间皮细胞计数对结核性、恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断具有较高灵敏性和特异性，有临床推广应用价值。“,”Objective mesothelium-count in pleural fluid is reported to be useful for differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and malignant hydrothorax.Methods 134 hydrothorax cases with definite diagnosis were selected in the study, the levels of mesothelium-count in 87 tuberculosis hydrothorax cases and 47 malignant hydrothorax cases were measured ,and the results were statisticly analysed.Results There was significant difference in the mesothelium-count levels between tuberculosis and malignant hydrothorax, (P<0.01).Taking 5% as cut-off level of mesothelium-count,the sensitivity for diagnosis of tuberculosis hydrothorax was 85.53%,specificity was 85%.Conclusion mesothelium-count in pleural fluid appears to be sensitive and specific to identify tuberculosis andmalignant hydrothorax.Therefore,we consider that it can be routinely used.