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雷尔顿(Peter Railton)不仅关注解释规范何以拥有约束力量这一传统问题,同时也特别关注解释在规范面前我们何以仍然能够保持自由的问题。他认为我们不必将休谟与康德割裂,我们不但要为道德规范寻找假然基础,而且要为其寻找非假然的逻辑基础。雷尔顿诉诸构成性论证,借助对能动性概念的分析,表明我们的信念指向真而我们的行动指向善,借以证明能动性概念本身就承诺了规范活动的非假然性。他还提出了“就高”与“就低”两个标准,对休谟只强调人类行动满足人类当前欲求的主张提出了批评。他认为人类除了满足基本欲求的就低倾向外,还具有择善而从的就高能力。构成性论证从既已存在的人的能动活动入手,其论证效力存在争议。但是雷尔顿认为,正是能动性的开放性本身让我们在规范面前保留了自由选择的可能。
Peter Railton is not only concerned with the traditional question of how norms govern binding forces, but with a particular focus on explaining why we are still free in the face of norms. He believes we do not have to cut Hume and Kant apart. We not only need to find a hypothetical foundation for moral norms, but also find non-hypothetical logical bases for them. Rehlerton resorts to constitutional arguments and, with the analysis of the concept of motivation, shows that our beliefs are real and our actions are good, to prove that the notion of motivation itself promises non-hypothetical norms. He also proposed the two criteria of “high” and “low”, criticizing Hume’s assertion that human beings emphasize human actions to meet the present human desires. He believes that humankind has a low propensity to satisfy the basic desires and has a high ability to make good choices. Constituent argument starts from the existing activities of human beings, and the validity of argumentation is controversial. But Rearlton believes that it is the open nature of the initiative itself allows us to retain the freedom of choice in the face of the possibility.