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The current study sought to observe the effects of lead on histological structure and antioxidant capacity in 30-day-old mice. Spectrophotometry was used to detect the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and the malondialdehyde content. The results revealed that Purkinje cells in the lead-exposed group exhibited obvious pyknosis, atrophy and a decrease in overall number. Granular cells exhibited a disorderly arrangement, and were reduced in number. Administration of lead decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase, while malondialdehyde content increased. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that dose contributed more to lead-induced cerebellum damage than treatment time. The present study demonstrated that lead exerted strong effects on histological structure and inhibited antioxidant capacity of the cerebellum in 30-day-old mice.