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下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析。
一、不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。
When one have money, he can do what he want to.
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
改为:
Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).
二、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。
I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。
三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势、语气、上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.
剖析:本句后半部分for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。
改为:
There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.
四、悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:
At the age of ten, my grandfather died.
这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时,但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。
改为:
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
五、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用、形容词当副词用、名词当动词用等。
Beautiful can be seen everywhere.
改为:
Beauty can be seen everywhere.
六、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
七、不间断句子(Run?鄄on Sentences)
什么叫run?鄄on sentence?请看下面的例句。
There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
改为:
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.
八、累赘(Redundancy)
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词,写段落没有一个无必要的句子;能用单词的不用词组,能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:
In spite of(尽管) the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同位语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
九、不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。
改为:
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十、综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述错误以外,还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等方面的错误。
看看,你要是写出如下句子,那也够登峰造极的了。
Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
编辑/孙栎栎
一、不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。
When one have money, he can do what he want to.
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。
改为:
Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).
二、修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化。
I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末。
三、句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势、语气、上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.
剖析:本句后半部分for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句。
改为:
There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.
四、悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如:
At the age of ten, my grandfather died.
这句中at the age of ten只点出十岁时,但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了。
改为:
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
五、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用、形容词当副词用、名词当动词用等。
Beautiful can be seen everywhere.
改为:
Beauty can be seen everywhere.
六、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
七、不间断句子(Run?鄄on Sentences)
什么叫run?鄄on sentence?请看下面的例句。
There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
改为:
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.
八、累赘(Redundancy)
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词,写段落没有一个无必要的句子;能用单词的不用词组,能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:
In spite of(尽管) the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同位语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
九、不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。
改为:
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十、综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述错误以外,还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等方面的错误。
看看,你要是写出如下句子,那也够登峰造极的了。
Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
编辑/孙栎栎