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第二次世界大战以来,美国调整进口的立法体制中有两种互相平行却又泾渭分明的趋势。第一种趋势出现在:“关税与贸易总协定”谈判以及在这个总协定规定之下召开的七轮关税与贸易谈判之后,即一九四七年以来实行的对关税水平的大规模大幅度削减。第二种趋势方要是采取措施限制进口,而不是采用正常的征收关税的方法,各种措施中包括:“反倾销税”和“反贴补税”。这第二种趋势自一九六二年以来已明显地加快步伐了。 到一九八四年中期,美国政府就具备了一整套详细周密的调整进口的立法体制,包括了十几个不同的正式程序。许多这类法律程序都有详尽清晰的法规条文,准许公民提出申诉,召集公众听证会,出版发行附有合理化意见的官方决定,准许法律审查,规定削弱处理这主面事务的执法部门官员的自主权。这个立法体制对下列几方面也规定了程序:例外条款;反倾销税;反贴补税;贸易业务中的不公正做法。 美国调整贸易的法律体制耗费巨大,因而有人说,这个体制本身就是阻碍美国贸易的一大“非关税壁垒”,并且会被国内某些利益集团所利用。这个说法可能有几分对,但至少有三个问题须经过系统的估价和检查。这些体制实际花费多少?有哪些好处?有哪些现在有可能的其它方案以及这些方案的花费和好处如何?
Since the Second World War, there have been two parallel and yet distinct trends in the US legislative system for adjusting imports. The first trend has emerged after the negotiations on the “General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade” and the seven rounds of tariff and trade negotiations held under the provisions of this General Agreement, that is, the large-scale large-scale implementation of tariffs since 1947. reduce. The second trend is to take measures to restrict imports, rather than adopting normal methods of tariff collection. Various measures include: “anti-dumping tax” and “anti-taxation.” This second trend has clearly accelerated since 1962. By the middle of 1984, the U.S. government had a complete and detailed legislative system to adjust imports, including a dozen different formal procedures. Many of these legal procedures have clear and detailed rules and regulations, permit citizens to file grievances, convene public hearings, publish and issue official decisions with rationalized opinions, permit legal review, and provide for the autonomy of law enforcement officials who deal with this principal issue. right. This legislative system also stipulates procedures for the following aspects: exception clauses; anti-dumping duties; anti-adjustment of taxes; unfair practices in the trade business. The US legal system for adjusting trade is costly. Some people say that this system itself is a major “non-tariff barrier” to US trade and will be used by certain domestic interest groups. This statement may be somewhat correct, but at least three issues must be systematically assessed and checked. How much do these systems actually cost? What are the benefits? What are the other options that are currently available and how they cost and benefit?