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反意疑問句是初中英语的语法重点之一,也是学生学习的一个难点｡这种疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短问句｡如果前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分则用否定形式｡但在使用过程中,还有一些特殊形式｡笔者拟对特殊的反意疑问句作一归纳,供同学们学习时参考｡
1. 当陈述部分为“I am...”时,简短问句用“aren’t I?”｡例如:
I’m late, aren’t I?
2. 当陈述部分中的谓语动词是 have 时,简短问句有两种情况｡如果 have 表示“有”的意思时,简短问句中的动词可用 haven’t 或 don’t;如果 have 用作行为动词时,简短问句中的动词只能用 don’t或 didn’t｡例如:
1) She has a bike, hasn’t/doesn’t she?
2) They had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon, didn’t they?
3. 当陈述部分中含有 never, seldom, little, few, hardly, nothing, nobody 等含有否定意义的单词时,整个陈述部分具有否定意义,简短问句用肯定形式｡例如:
1) There is little water in the jar, is there?
2) The girl never tells a lie, does she?
3) Few people believed what he said, did they?
但陈述部分仅含有带否定意义的前缀或后缀的单词时,该陈述部分仍看作肯定形式,简短问句则用否定形式｡例如:
Tom dislikes his bike, doesn’t he?
4. 当陈述部分含有 need, dare 时,如果它们用作助动词,简短问句中的动词亦用这些词;如果它们用作实义动词,简短问句中的动词则用 do 的适当形式｡例如:
1) You needn’t go in such a hurry, need you?
2) You need a rest, don’t you?
3) He dare try, daren’t he?
4) He doesn’t dare to come alone, does he?
5. 当陈述部分中的谓语动词含有 have to/had to 时,简短问句中的动词一般用 do 的适当形式｡例如:
She had to start early, didn’t she?
6. 当陈述部分有 used to 时,简短问句中的动词可用 usedn’t 或 didn’t｡例如:
1) He used to swim in the lake, didn’t/usedn’t he?
2) They used to work at night, didn’t/usedn’t they?
7. 当陈述部分的谓语为“had better+动词原形”或“had better not +动词原形”时,简短问句为“hadn’t+主语?”或“had+主语?”｡例如:
1) You’d better take more clothes with you, hadn’t you?
2) We’d better not stay here long, had we?
8. 当陈述部分的主语是 each 时,如果 each 表示“人”,简短问句中的主语一般用 he;如果 each 表示“物”,简短问句中的主语用 it｡例如:
1) Each of them fulfilled his duty, didn’t he?
2) Each of the houses is painted a different colour, isn’t it?
9. 当陈述部分的主语是 one 时,简短问句中的主语一般用 he｡例如:
One should do his best for the people, shouldn’t he?
10. 当陈述部分的主语是指物的不定代词 something, anything, everything, nothing 时,简短问句中的主语用 it｡例如:
1) Everything is all right, isn’t it?
2) Something must be done, mustn’t it?
11. 当陈述部分中的主语是从句､动词不定式(短语)､动名词(短语)时,简短问句的主语用 it｡例如:
1) To learn English well isn’t easy, is it?
2) Walking on the moon is more difficult than on the earth, isn’t it?
12. 当陈述部分的主语是指人的不定代词 someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody 时,简短问句的主语可用 they,也可用 he｡一般来说,在口语和非正式文体中多用 they,在正式文体中用 he｡例如:
1) Everybody knows the answer, don’t they?/doesn’t he?
2) Anybody thinks it important, don’t they?/doesn’t he?
3) Nobody came, did they?/did he?
反意疑问句还有一些其他特殊情况,本文不再叙述,请同学们在学习时留心观察｡
1. 当陈述部分为“I am...”时,简短问句用“aren’t I?”｡例如:
I’m late, aren’t I?
2. 当陈述部分中的谓语动词是 have 时,简短问句有两种情况｡如果 have 表示“有”的意思时,简短问句中的动词可用 haven’t 或 don’t;如果 have 用作行为动词时,简短问句中的动词只能用 don’t或 didn’t｡例如:
1) She has a bike, hasn’t/doesn’t she?
2) They had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon, didn’t they?
3. 当陈述部分中含有 never, seldom, little, few, hardly, nothing, nobody 等含有否定意义的单词时,整个陈述部分具有否定意义,简短问句用肯定形式｡例如:
1) There is little water in the jar, is there?
2) The girl never tells a lie, does she?
3) Few people believed what he said, did they?
但陈述部分仅含有带否定意义的前缀或后缀的单词时,该陈述部分仍看作肯定形式,简短问句则用否定形式｡例如:
Tom dislikes his bike, doesn’t he?
4. 当陈述部分含有 need, dare 时,如果它们用作助动词,简短问句中的动词亦用这些词;如果它们用作实义动词,简短问句中的动词则用 do 的适当形式｡例如:
1) You needn’t go in such a hurry, need you?
2) You need a rest, don’t you?
3) He dare try, daren’t he?
4) He doesn’t dare to come alone, does he?
5. 当陈述部分中的谓语动词含有 have to/had to 时,简短问句中的动词一般用 do 的适当形式｡例如:
She had to start early, didn’t she?
6. 当陈述部分有 used to 时,简短问句中的动词可用 usedn’t 或 didn’t｡例如:
1) He used to swim in the lake, didn’t/usedn’t he?
2) They used to work at night, didn’t/usedn’t they?
7. 当陈述部分的谓语为“had better+动词原形”或“had better not +动词原形”时,简短问句为“hadn’t+主语?”或“had+主语?”｡例如:
1) You’d better take more clothes with you, hadn’t you?
2) We’d better not stay here long, had we?
8. 当陈述部分的主语是 each 时,如果 each 表示“人”,简短问句中的主语一般用 he;如果 each 表示“物”,简短问句中的主语用 it｡例如:
1) Each of them fulfilled his duty, didn’t he?
2) Each of the houses is painted a different colour, isn’t it?
9. 当陈述部分的主语是 one 时,简短问句中的主语一般用 he｡例如:
One should do his best for the people, shouldn’t he?
10. 当陈述部分的主语是指物的不定代词 something, anything, everything, nothing 时,简短问句中的主语用 it｡例如:
1) Everything is all right, isn’t it?
2) Something must be done, mustn’t it?
11. 当陈述部分中的主语是从句､动词不定式(短语)､动名词(短语)时,简短问句的主语用 it｡例如:
1) To learn English well isn’t easy, is it?
2) Walking on the moon is more difficult than on the earth, isn’t it?
12. 当陈述部分的主语是指人的不定代词 someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody 时,简短问句的主语可用 they,也可用 he｡一般来说,在口语和非正式文体中多用 they,在正式文体中用 he｡例如:
1) Everybody knows the answer, don’t they?/doesn’t he?
2) Anybody thinks it important, don’t they?/doesn’t he?
3) Nobody came, did they?/did he?
反意疑问句还有一些其他特殊情况,本文不再叙述,请同学们在学习时留心观察｡